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M.B. Hardy 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(3):121-127
Abstract The short‐term effects of stocking rate (AUE ha?1) and cattle‐to‐sheep ratio on the extent and severity of patch grazing and on patch size were evaluated. The extent of patch grazing was proportional to stocking rate, and livestock species had a small but significant effect. Patch size was also a function of stocking rate. Cattle and sheep had similar effects on patch size distribution when stocked at the same number of AUE ha?1. The severity of grazing within a patch was influenced by both stocking rate and cattle‐to‐sheep ratio. Recommendations that cattle should be grazed together with sheep and that cattle should be in greater proportion (in terms of AUE ha?1) than sheep, which are aimed at limiting the severity of grazing by sheep, are supported. However, severe grazing within patches is an inevitable consequence of sheep grazing irrespective of the stocking rate or cattle‐to‐sheep ratio applied. 相似文献
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植物原位阻截铅锌矿区土壤重金属效果和配置模式研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为了研究铅锌矿区植物原位阻截土壤废渣重金属效果和配置模式,采用多种植物栽培和径流小区收集水样测定的方法,3年生植物的研究结果表明:苎麻、苦楝、构树可降低废弃尾沙坝地表径流水中重金属Pb负荷输出9.04%~9.64%。栾树、构树、芦苇、苦楝、刺槐可降低地表径流水中重金属Cd负荷输出67.0%~75.86%,构树、高羊茅、刺槐、栾树、芦苇、狗牙根、五节芒可降低地表径流水中重金属Cu负荷输出52.64%~70.97%,刺槐、女贞可降低地表径流水中重金属Zn负荷输出74.99%~78.35%;在重金属污染林地,刺槐可降低地表径流水中重金属Pb负荷输出40.96%,苦楝可降低地表径流水中重金属Cd负荷输出60.42%。构树通过植物富集,可以使铅锌尾矿区尾沙中Pb、Cd、As、Zn的含量分别降低31.87%、41.28%、29.48%、38.45%;女贞可以使铅锌尾矿区尾沙中Pb、Cd、As、Zn的含量分别降低27.31%、39.52%、33.47%、27.59%。植物原位阻截和修复重金属机理一是植物富集了土壤中重金属,二是植物使土壤中重金属形态发生了变化,这种机理有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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As a new technology towards 21st century, the occurs of the virtual reality technology is a result of computer graphic, human machine interface technology, sensor technology and artificial intelligence. The real time self photographing technology based on the virtual environment is a typical application of this virtual reality technique. A series of things has been discussed and studied ,such as visual reality,video intercept and so on,and the real time self photographing system based on the technology of blue background image extracting. A new arithmetic is emphasized which is produced during study and exploitation.It is image fusion technique based on the contrast appreciate characteristic. 相似文献
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Brittany S. Barker David S. Pilliod Justin L. Welty Robert S. Arkle Michael G. "Sherm" Karl Gordon R. Toevs 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(6):671-680
Long-term vegetation dynamics across public rangelands in the western United States are not well understood because of the lack of large-scale, readily available historic datasets. The Bureau of Land Management’s Soil-Vegetation Inventory Method (SVIM) program was implemented between 1977 and 1983 across 14 western states, but the data have not been easily accessible. We introduce the SVIM vegetation cover dataset in a georeferenced, digital format; summarize how the data were collected; and discuss potential limitations and biases. We demonstrate how SVIM data can be compared with contemporary monitoring datasets to quantify changes in vegetation associated with wildfire and the abundance of exotic invasive species. Specifically, we compare SVIM vegetation cover data with cover data collected by BLM’s Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) program (2011–2016) in a focal area in the northern Great Basin. We address issues associated with analyzing and interpreting data from these distinct programs, including differences in survey methods and potential biases introduced by spatial and temporal variation in sampling. We compared SVIM and AIM survey methods at 44 plots and found that percent cover estimates had high correspondence for all measured functional groups. Comparisons between historic SVIM data and recent AIM data documented significant declines in the occupancy and cover of native shrubs and native perennial forbs, and a significant increase in exotic annual forbs. Wildfire was a driver of change for some functional groups, with greater change occurring in AIM plots that burned between the two time periods compared with those that did not. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing that many native shrub-dominated plant communities in the Great Basin have been replaced by exotic annuals. Our study demonstrates that SVIM data will be an important resource for researchers interested in quantifying vegetation change through time across public rangelands in the western United States. 相似文献
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李春明 《北京林业大学学报》2011,33(4):7-12
以江西省杉木人工林4次调查数据为例,建立单木胸径生长量随机截距效应混合模型,分别考虑样地层次、区域层次及多层次的随机截距效应,并在考虑多层次效应时考虑了存在的异方差和自相关问题,最后利用独立的抽样验证数据对模拟结果进行验证。结果表明:林分断面积、对象木胸径、林分内大于对象木的断面积之和与对象木胸径的比值以及海拔对单木胸... 相似文献
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Downed coarse woody debris (DCWD) plays an important role in ecosystem processes and should be considered in land management decisions. Unfortunately accurate quantification of its abundance is difficult, due to its patchy distribution. This is especially problematic in woodland ecosystems where DCWD is relatively scarce, unevenly distributed and smaller in size than in other forest types. This study compared the efficacy of the line intersect and strip plot methods to sample properties of DCWD at woodland sites with differing fire histories. Although measures of abundance using the two methods did not differ statistically, the line intersect method had 20% less variability in the data, was quicker to perform and made it easier to locate individual pieces of DCWD than the strip plot method. The results of this study indicate that transects of 100 m or less are insufficient for estimating DCWD volume in woodlands. An acceptable level of precision was reached at approximately 450 m at very recently burnt sites and 700 m at long unburnt sites when only transect length was considered. However when taking both transect length and number of replicates into account, an acceptable level of precision was reached at 500 m when sampling a minimum of 20 sites. It is therefore recommended that pilot studies should be conducted to determine appropriate sampling intensities in previously unsampled areas as DCWD volume estimates are sensitive to the rate at which variance changes with increasing transect length. This is particularly important when there is variation in the disturbance history of the sites. However, if it is not possible to conduct pilot studies, the requirement would be to sample line intersect transects of at least 500 m, at a minimum of 20 sites in woodland systems. 相似文献
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森林立地质量评价的可变生长截距模型与应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在关帝山林区8个林场的油松天然林中选取69株优势木进行树干解析,应用XLSTEM和SYSTATE软件进行数据处理和分析,充分考虑达到胸高的年龄在立地指数模型中的意义,确定油松天然林立地指数基准年龄,引入生长截距和可变生长截距的概念,分析林分优势木达到胸高的年龄与立地条件的关系,建立关帝山林区油松天然林立地指数的可变生长截距模型.结果表明:1)研究地区油松天然林立地指数基准年龄可确定为胸高年龄35年,实际总年龄约为42~45年;2)油松天然林达到胸高的年龄与立地条件的关系不密切;3)本研究建立的油松天然林可变生长截距模型准确、可靠,能对胸高年龄为3~35年的油松天然林进行准确地立地质量评价. 相似文献