核酸适体及其在疫病诊断上的应用

核酸适体是指采用指数富集配体的系统进化技术从随机单链寡核苷酸库中筛选出的能与靶物质高特异性、高亲和力结合的配体。鉴于适体特有的亲和力高、特异性强、精确识别、易体外合成与修饰等特点,其被广泛应用于分析化学、基因调控、蛋白质组学和新药研发等领域。在疫病的检测方面,核酸适体逐渐成为抗体的代替或补充试剂,已初步应用于生物芯片、生物传感器、分子信标等多种检测技术平台,并具有良好的敏感性和特异性,显示出了良好的应用前景。本文就适体技术及其在疫病诊断中的应用进展作一综述。     

In vitro Selection of DNAAptamers and Fluorescence-Based Recognition for Rapid Detection Listeria monocytogenes

Aptamers are specific nucleic acid sequences that can bind to a wide range of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets with high affinity and specificity. Nucleic acid aptamers are selected in vitro from single stranded DNA or RNA ligands containing random sequences of up to a few hundred nucleotides. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment （SELEX） was used to select and PCR amplify DNA sequences （aptamers） capable of binding to and detecting Listeria monocytogenes, one of the major food-borne pathogens. A simplified affinity separation approach was employed, in which L. monocytogenes in exponential （log） phase of growth was used as the separation target. A fluorescently-labeled aptamer assay scheme was devised for detecting L. monoeytogenes. This report described a novel approach to the detection of L. monocytogenes using DNA aptamers. Aptamers were developed by nine rounds of SELEX. A high affinity aptamer was successfully selected from the initial random DNA pool, and its secondary structure was also investigated. One of aptamers named e01 with the highest affinity was further tested in aptamer-peroxidase and aptamer-fluorescence staining protocols. This study has proved the principle that the whole-cell SELEX could be a promising technique to design aptamer-based molecular probes for dectection of pathogenic microorganisms without tedious isolation and purification of complex markers or targets.     

In vitro Selection of DNA Aptamers and Fluorescence-Based Recognition for Rapid Detection Listeria monocytogenes

Aptamers are specific nucleic acid sequences that can bind to a wide range of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets with high affinity and specificity. Nucleic acid aptamers are selected in vitro from single stranded DNA or RNA ligands containing random sequences of up to a few hundred nucleotides. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to select and PCR amplify DNA sequences (aptamers) capable of binding to and detecting Listeria monocytogenes, one of the major food-borne pathogens. A simplified affinity separation approach was employed, in which L. monocytogenes in exponential (log) phase of growth was used as the separation target. A fluorescently-labeled aptamer assay scheme was devised for detecting L. monocytogenes. This report described a novel approach to the detection of L. monocytogenes using DNA aptamers. Aptamers were developed by nine rounds of SELEX. A high affinity aptamer was successfully selected from the initial random DNA pool, and its secondary structure was also investigated. One of aptamers named e01 with the highest affinity was further tested in aptamer-peroxidase and aptamer-fluorescence staining protocols. This study has proved the principle that the whole-cell SELEX could be a promising technique to design aptamer-based molecular probes for dectection of pathogenic microorganisms without tedious isolation and purification of complex markers or targets.     

SELEX技术筛选重组人超氧化物歧化酶核酸适体研究

运用指数富集配基系统技术（SELEX）筛选人超氧化物歧化酶（rhSOD）特异性核酸适体。体外化学合成长度为78 bp的中间含有35个随机序列的单链DNA文库,通过比较不对称PCR和生物素-链亲和素磁珠分离方法制备ssDNA文库的效果,确定以生物素-链亲和素磁珠分离方法制备ssDNA文库,采用硝酸纤维素膜为介质,以SOD蛋白为靶标,筛选其亲和性核酸适体,酶联仪测定定D450值,计算每轮ssDNA文库与靶分子的结合率。经过11轮筛选后,随机ssDNA文库与SOD的结合率从初始的0.47%上升到37.5%,随着筛选轮数的增加,ssDNA与靶分子结合率趋于稳定。初步筛选出具有高亲和力的SOD酶特异性核酸适体,为进一步开发和研究SOD新药及模拟药物提供参考。     

Generation of Internal-Image Functional Aptamers of Okadaic Acid via Magnetic-Bead SELEX

Okadaic acid (OA) is produced by Dinophysis and Prorocentrum dinoflagellates and primarily accumulates in bivalves, and this toxin has harmful effects on consumers and operators. In this work, we first report the use of aptamers as novel non-toxic probes capable of binding to a monoclonal antibody against OA (OA-mAb). Aptamers that mimic the OA toxin with high affinity and selectivity were generated by the magnetic bead-assisted systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) strategy. After 12 selection rounds, cloning, sequencing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, four candidate aptamers (O24, O31, O39, O40) were selected that showed high affinity and specificity for OA-mAb. The affinity constants of O24, O31, O39 and O40 were 8.3 × 10⁸ M⁻¹, 1.47 × 10⁹ M⁻¹, 1.23 × 10⁹ M⁻¹ and 1.05 × 10⁹ M⁻¹, respectively. Indirect competitive ELISA was employed to determine the internal-image function of the aptamers. The results reveal that O31 has a similar competitive function as free OA toxin, whereas the other three aptamers did not bear the necessary internal-image function. Based on the derivation of the curvilinear equation for OA/O31, the equation that defined the relationship between the OA toxin content and O31 was Y = 2.185X − 1.78. The IC₅₀ of O31 was 3.39 ng·mL⁻¹, which was close to the value predicted by the OA ELISA (IC₅₀ = 4.4 ng·mL⁻¹); the IC₁₀ was 0.33 ng·mL⁻¹. The above data provides strong evidence that internal-image functional aptamers could be applicable as novel probes in a non-toxic assay.     

一种适用于SELEX技术的单链DNA制备方法

为了建立一种简单、高效制备高纯度单链DNA方法,用于SELEX技术筛选过程中次级文库的筛选,对制备链霉亲和素磁珠的实验条件进行了优化,确定了对称PCR产物与链霉亲和素磁珠偶联的最佳时间和饱和度,并验证了不同浓度NaOH对解链效果的影响,建立了适于SELEX技术的单链DNA制备体系。利用荧光法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对本实验所建立方法及传统不对称PCR法制备单链DNA的回收效率和纯度进行了比较,结果表明在最优实验条件下用磁性分离法制备的单链DNA纯度及回收效率均显著高于不对称PCR法。     

SELEX技术筛选毒死蜱单链DNA适体

试验旨在利用SELEX技术体外筛选毒死蜱的特异性适体。体外合成全长为91 nt的ssDNA文库,以链亲和素修饰的凝胶为载体、毒死蜱为靶分子进行SELEX(配体指数增强系统进化技术)筛选。利用荧光标记法测定适体的筛选效率、亲和力和特异性,通过MFOLD分析软件对亲和力较高的适体进行二级结构预测和结合位点分析。结果表明,经过15轮筛选后,DNA文库的筛选效率达到44.00%;最终获得9条ssDNA适体,其中适体N23对毒死蜱具有最高的亲和力,其结合活性显著高于N23与水胺硫磷、丙溴磷、氧化乐果的结合活性;二级结构表明茎环结构可能是毒死蜱与适体相互作用的结构基础。     

适配体的研究进程与思考*

 适配体（aptamer）是指利用指数富集的配体系统进化（SELEX）技术，从人工合成的寡核苷酸文库中筛选获得的能够与靶分子特异结合的短单链DNA和RNA分子。筛选得到的适配体可以与DNA，RNA，蛋白质或其它靶分子结合，影响这些靶分子的性质，从而起到改变与靶分子相关的生物学功能的效果。而且研究发现，适配体在与靶分子相互作用时，不仅序列，它们所形成的三维结构也尤其重要。同时，适配体在生物医药研究方面显示出广阔的应用前景。介绍了适配体的发展历程，以及一些典型适配体的生物学功效。提出了RNA适配体三维结构在与靶分子进行相互作用时可能发挥重要作用，以期为RNA适配体的筛选提供理论思考。     

转基因玉米EPSPS蛋白适体的筛选与结构分析

通过体外合成长度为70个碱基的随机ssDNA文库,采用指数富集配基的系统进化(SELEX)技术,以转基因玉米EPSPS蛋白为靶目标进行16轮筛选,将筛选到的适体群进行克隆、测序,初步获得与转基因玉米EPSPS蛋白特异性结合的适体。并用Macaw2.05和DNAMAN软件对每个适体的保守序列和二级结构进行分析。结果表明:一级结构分析序列同源性可分为四大群,其中A群有11条序列含有67个保守碱基;二级结构分析结果表明,茎环状和口袋状等结构可能是适体与转基因玉米EPSPS蛋白结合的结构基础。利用SELEX技术获得与转基因玉米EPSPS蛋白特异结合的适体群,其一级和二级结构与亲和力密切相关。     

溶藻弧菌适配子亲和力测定条件的优化及其特异性研究

[目的]优化溶藻弧菌适配子亲和力的测定条件,并验证适配子的亲和特异性。[方法]采用地高辛-过氧化物酶显色系统,通过正交试验确定亲和力测定的适宜条件,并在该条件下进行特异性验证。[结果]优化后亲和力的测定条件为：菌浓度3.0×10^8个/ml,结合时间40 min,结合温度28℃;经验证,该适配子对溶藻弧菌具有较高的亲和特异性。[结论]获得了溶藻弧菌适配子亲和力测定的优化条件,并证明了该适配子与溶藻弧菌具有较好的亲和特异性,为溶藻弧菌的SELEX筛选及其快速检测提供了参考。