扇贝加工废弃物蛋白酶解及其酶解产物分子量分布的研究

对用复合酶酶解扇贝加工废弃物制备水解蛋白的工艺进行了研究,通过正交试验方法确定了用两种复合酶酶解的最适水解条件。结果表明,用枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶和风味酶复合酶酶解的最佳酶解参数为:加酶量比为2∶1,温度为65℃,pH为7.0,时间为5 h,水解液氨基酸态氮含量为50.3%,蛋白质水解度为95.5%。用木瓜蛋白酶和风味酶复合酶酶解的最佳酶解参数为:加酶量比为2∶1,温度为65℃,pH为7.0,时间为5 h,水解液氨基酸态氮含量为43.2%,蛋白质水解度为85.0%。用SephadexG-15葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法对水解产物的分析结果表明,两种混合酶的酶解产物为蛋白肽和游离氨基酸,其相对分子质量均集中分布在585和150左右。     

流沙湾养殖华贵栉孔扇贝体色多态性研究

对雷州半岛西部流沙湾养殖的华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）群体进行了体色多态性研究。结果显示,在调查的10个苗种来源不同、总抽样数量为5 954个个体的养殖群体中,壳色可分为6类,分别是橘黄色（62.31%）、枣褐色（14.51%）、紫白色（12.46%）、橘黄间紫色（6.43%）、紫顶枣褐色（3.46%）和黄顶紫黄色（0.82%）;6类壳色群体的闭壳肌颜色均存在白、黄2色,且白色比例均显著高于黄色,其中黄色闭壳肌比例最高的是橘黄色（18.79%）;华贵栉孔扇贝成熟的生殖腺颜色分为黄、乳白2色,分别代表雌性和雄性,性比与闭壳肌颜色相关。研究表明,华贵栉孔扇贝壳色以橘黄色为主（P〈0.05）,闭壳肌颜色以白色为主（P〈0.05）;壳色与闭壳肌颜色存在一定的相关性,带“黄”壳色个体黄色闭壳肌比例较高（P〈0.05）;黄色闭壳肌群体雌性比例显著高于雄性（P〈0.01）。     

Efficacy of Netminder® silicone release coating for biofouling reduction in bay scallop grow‐out and comparative effects on scallop survival,growth and reproduction

Netminder^®, a water‐based silicone barrier release coating, was highly effective in reducing biofouling of lantern nets during grow‐out/overwintering of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians irradians, in a large‐scale restoration programme in New York, USA. Compared with untreated nets, scallops held in Netminder^®‐coated nets experienced reduced survival after 8 months, probably due to higher loads of epibionts on their shells. However, this was countered by higher reproductive and overall condition of scallops in treated vs. untreated nets; there were no consistent differences in shell growth in different net treatments. Although further testing is recommended under a wider range of conditions, we conclude that for the purposes of our scallop restoration work, coating nets with Netminder^® would eliminate the need for a gear change in spring, thus reducing labour costs; the coating process should be refined so that Velcro closures of nets do not become sealed shut.     

Recruitment of catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) larvae on artificial collectors off the NE coast of the Gulf of California

We evaluated recruitment of larvae of catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, in the area of Puerto Peñasco, NE Gulf of California. We moored artificial collectors in six sites from June 2007 to August 2008 and replaced them every 2 months. We used monthly (July 2002–September 2011) sea surface temperature (SST, °C) and surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSChl, mg m^?3) Aqua/MODIS satellite data to describe seasonal environmental behaviour study area. Also, we recorded bottom temperature at each site every 4 h, and every 2 months measured sea surface salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen. We used a repeated measures anova to evaluate differences in the number of recruited spat between main factors, and analysed the presence of multimodal spat shell size frequency distributions. Overall, spat recruitment was negatively correlated with seawater temperature and showed higher spat recruitment abundances throughout winter, which is the season with the highest surface chlorophyll a concentration. We estimated multimodal shell size frequency distributions characterized by more than one modal size. The natural collection of A. ventricosus spat on artificial collectors in the area can be successfully performed over a protracted period (November–December to May–June). Our results extend the area where collection of A. ventricosus spat can be successful.     

扇贝多肽对氧化所致胸腺细胞凋亡的影响

观察扇贝多肽(Polypeptide from Chlamys ferreri)(PCF)对实验性氧化所致小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。采用台盼蓝(Trypan Blue)活细胞拒染法在普通光学显微镜下观察细胞的存活率；以四甲基氮唑盐(MTT)法测定细胞的增殖活性；以生化检测(DNA ladder)法观察PCF对细胞DNA片断化的影响；用透射电镜观察细胞的超微形态结构变化。台盼蓝染色法证实PCF能增强细胞的活性并与PCF浓度成正比；MTT法表明PCF不仅能保护细胞免受损伤，而且还能促进细胞的增殖，并有PCF依赖性；生化检测显示PCF能减少细胞凋亡的DNA片断化数目；细胞的超微结构还表明PCF能维持细胞结构的完整性。PCF可明显抑制实验性氧化损伤小鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡并有药物依赖性，而且明显优于维生素C。     

Genetic analysis of Aequipecten opercularis and Mimachlamys varia (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in several Atlantic and Mediterranean localities, revealed by mitochondrial PCR-RFLPs: a preliminary study

Aequipecten opercularis (Queen scallop) and Mimachlamys (Chlamys) varia (Black scallop) are important natural resources occurring in Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. To develop an optimal sustainable exploitation plan, it is important to study the genetic structure of the different populations. In this study, we used polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms for the determination of the genetic variation and population structure of these two species in different localities. Ten composite haplotypes were generated for A. opercularis and 15 haplotypes for M. varia. Of these, six and four were unique respectively. The analysis of the distribution of the different haplotypes between the localities showed no clear evidence of subdivision in A. opercularis, while in M. varia the results indicated that the two localities analysed should be managed as separate stocks.     

河北省扇贝养殖区油类污染监测与分析

2006年11月-2007年11月在河北省扇贝养殖区水域设置了9个监测站位进行了7个航次的监测;于2007年5月和2007年8月,在相关7条河流入海河口处设立监测站位,对水和沉积物中油类含量进行了监测。结果表明:河北省扇贝养殖区水域油类污染物的含量范围在0.011~0.520 mg/L,平均值为0.118 mg/L。油类污染的指数范围为0.22~10.4,在对9个站位进行的7航次监测中,71%的站位污染指数大于1.0,尤其是对扇贝生长影响较为关键的月份(2008年5月-2008年10月),所有监测站位的污染指数全部大于1.0;扇贝养殖区7条主要入海河流河口区域油类含量均超过标准。枯水期平均超标指数为10.2,丰水期平均超标指数为18.8;河口区域沉积物中枯水期油类含量均值为777,高于国家标准1.55倍,枯水期油类含量均值为473,低于国家标准浓度限值。大陆径流是造成河北省扇贝养殖区油类污染的主要因素。     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

扇贝壳抛光设备的改进设计

针对原抛光设备作业中存在的问题,对抛光设备的传动系统、抛光系统等关键部分进行了改进设计。改进后的设备总体布局合理,结构简单,操作安全可靠,易损件拆卸简便,能够较好地满足实际生产的要求。经生产运行的实践证明:抛光后的贝壳表面光滑,生产效率提高了2.5倍。