Observations of flow patterns in a model of a marine fish larvae rearing tank

There are few studies on flow fields generated by aerators in fish larvae rearing tanks. The flow varies with aeration rates and tank proportions resulting in different larvae survival rates. The effects of aeration rate and aspect ratio AR (the ratio of liquid depth to tank radius) on overall flow patterns were investigated experimentally using flow visualization techniques. Two distinct types of flow patterns, a single-pair vortex system and a two-pair vortex system, were observed as the value of tank aspect ratio varied from about 1.0 to 2.0. In addition, corner vortex structures were observed in both the region between the free surface and the upper sidewall, and between the bottom wall and the lower sidewall of the tank. On the sidewall, reattachment and separation points were found, which were closely related with these vortex structures.     

基于节点变量法的连续体结构拓扑优化设计

为避免结构拓扑优化设计中的数值不稳定性及考虑制造因素,提出了一种节点变量的连续体结构拓扑优化设计方法。在指定的子区域内,采用不依赖网格的映射函数表示节点设计变量与节点密度变量的关系,实现最小尺寸约束,以满足加工工艺要求。以应变能力最小化为目标函数满足结构刚度要求,以结构体积作为约束,建立最小尺寸约束下的连续体结构拓扑优化模型,将移动近似算法用于拓扑优化问题求解。数值算例结果表明,提出的方法应用于连续体拓扑优化设计中是有效的,能够消除数值不稳定性现象获得清晰的拓扑结果,结构便于制造加工。     

一平移二转动并联稳定平台拓扑结构设计

基于方位特征集理论和单开链单元,研究了少自由度并联稳定平台拓扑结构设计方法。并以运动输出为一平移二转动并联稳定平台为例,阐述了少自由度并联稳定平台拓扑结构综合的详细步骤,对包含有一平移二转动输出的单开链支路进行了分析与研究,并选出符合条件的单开链进行排列组合,得到了多种符合条件的拓扑结构类型。设计人员可根据此方法得到支路结构和拓扑参数特征选择最优机型。     

基于拓扑优化的柴油机下曲轴箱改进设计

针对某型大功率军用柴油机,运用特征化实体建模技术,利用HyperWorks-Optistruct软件平台,开展了基于拓扑优化的该柴油机下曲轴箱结构改进设计。在优化设计中,以提高下曲轴箱结构刚度为目的,建立了以结构质量最轻为优化目标、下曲轴箱固有频率提高20%为约束函数的拓扑优化设计模型。优化后的下曲轴箱质量有了明显降低,前5阶固有频率也有了不同程度的提高,实现了移频和减质量的结构改进目标,并给出了曲轴箱结构材料的最优分布图。这为有效提高下曲轴箱的结构刚度,进而改善柴油机整机的结构辐射噪声,奠定了基础。     

以基本运动链为单元的并联机构拓扑结构设计

研究了以基本运动链(BKC)为单元的并联机构组成原理及其拓扑结构设计方法。首先,提出基于BKC的并联机构组成原理表达式;其次,基于BKC的组成原理及其耦合度k的计算公式,设计给出理论上满足k=0~3且基本回路v=1~5的53种BKC基本类型及其解析表达式;其中,最常用的6种BKC基本类型能解析表示出40种BKC拓扑结构,而这些BKC拓扑结构成为常用并联机构的基本组成单元;最后,提出一种直接以BKC为设计单元,同时满足方位特征集(POC)设计目标的并联机构拓扑结构设计的一般性实用方法,并以实例说明。该方法无需综合支链及其在动、静平台之间的拓扑布置,仅含3个步骤,操作简单,具有很好的实用性;与已有的主要型综合理论方法相比,操作简单、方便,具有很好的实用性和普适性。     

焊点布局的结构多目标拓扑优化设计

针对结构优化设计中先分解后组合的重复优化问题,提出一种焊点布局的结构多目标拓扑优化方法.在连续设计域中,给定载荷和约束的情况下,同时优化整个结构的拓扑空间和几何造型,并决定子结构间的连接位置和布局形态.通过有限元分析和基于几何学交叉过程的多目标遗传算法得到Pareto解集,可根据不同需求确定权重,选择最优方案.     

Root System Development Including Root Branching in Cuttings of Cassava with Reference to Shoot Growth and Tuber Bulking

Summary

In spite of the important role it plays for water and nutrient acquisition, information on the root system development in cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is limited. To examine the root length and branching pattern with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking, we grew cassava plants in containers under natural climatic conditions in the southern end of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. One 20-cm length cutting of cassava (cv. Ardira IV) was planted in either a plastic bucket or a wooden box. The containers, which were filled with heavy clay soil, had different sizes depending on the growing period. At 30, 60, 100, 140, 180, and 270 days after planting (DAP), both the shoot and roots were sampled for quantitative analysis. The dry weight of both shoot and roots increased rapidly with the leaf area. The axile root number, however, decreased from 60 to 140 DAP as a result of the abscission of roots emerging from the basal part of the cutting during tuber bulking. The total root length reached its maximum at 60 DAP and significantly decreased thereafter because of decay and decomposition during tuber bulking. On the other hand, the root branching either increased the branching order or retained it, as determined from a topological point of view. The root branching during the later growing period compensated for the decrease in total root length and contributed to maintain a sufficient root surface area. The surviving roots with a well-developed branching pattern could absorb water and nutrients essential for tuber bulking.     

农业项目团队组织结构沟通的拓扑连通性分析

分析农业项目团队组织结构沟通的渠道和团队成员的沟通职能。拓扑团队的道路连通性决定着沟通渠道。沟通中使用的沟通渠道应构建和维护道路连通性。     

海洋食物网拓扑学方法研究进展

基于生态系统的渔业管理(EBFM)对海洋食物网研究提出了新的理论和方法需求.作者针对食物网动态这一生态系统的核心问题,对其近期发展起来的研究领域——食物网拓扑学理论和方法进行综述.食物网拓扑学通过建立一系列拓扑学指标,定量描述食物网各个成员之间的联系紧密程度,以及各个成员对整个食物网的作用.评价渔业对食物网的影响或食物网对外界的响应,开发可持续的捕捞方案,需要建立并运用食物网的动态模型.鱼类生物的重要特点是其捕食关系在很大程度上由个体大小(体长、体重)决定.而体长结构的渔业种群动力学模型发展已经成熟.因此,建议将食物网拓扑学的动态建模、体长结构的渔业种群生物量模型、鱼类个体大小相关的捕捞过程研究结合起来,作为基于生态系统渔业管理的一个重要的、潜在解决方案.对此,下一步的研究重点是,选择食物网资料采集较为容易、渔业统计资料较为全面的海洋食物网,开展试点研究,从而逐步构建起完整的、具有实际应用能力的EBFM方法体系.     

中国日光温室结构优化研究现状及发展趋势

日光温室是中国设施农业的重要组成部分。日光温室的结构设计不仅影响内部环境因子和生产效益,而且对温室建造、生产成本及其结构稳定性和耐用性有直接影响。综述了地域和气候约束条件下日光温室主要结构优化设计的研究现状,如跨度、脊高、采光屋面角、采光屋面形状、墙体结构和后屋面结构等,为不同地区日光温室建造提供参考信息。同时,探讨了其计算机辅助结构分析研究状况,并分析了今后的发展趋势和待研究的问题。