日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸及苏氯酸水平对早期断奶仔猪免疫机能的影响

本研究分两次试验进行 ,试验 1研究两个蛋白质水平 ( 1 8% ,2 0 % )及三个赖氨酸水平 ( 1 .0 % ,1 .3%和 1 .6 % )对机体免疫机能的影响 ;试验 2研究两个蛋氨酸水平 ( 0 .2 9% ,0 .39% )和三个苏氨酸水平( 0 .6 0 % ,0 .6 8%和 0 .76 % )对机体免疫机能的影响。试验日粮均为简单型日粮 ,试验动物为早期断奶仔猪 ,其日龄体重分别为 2 5± 3日、6 .78± 0 .0 8kg与 2 6± 1日龄、6 .6 8± 0 .0 4kg。测定不同蛋白质和氨基酸水平下 ,免疫器官重量、淋巴细胞数量及组成、血液IgG效价、注射PHA皮褶厚度变化及SRBC(绵羊红细胞 )免疫后抗体效价。结果表明 ,日粮不同蛋白质和赖氨酸水平对血清IgG效价无影响 ,在皮褶厚度的变化的影响上 ,两者交互作用极显著 (P <0 .0 1 )。苏氨酸及蛋氨酸的不同水平显著影响血液中IgG效价及抗SRBC抗体效价 (P <0 .0 5) ,机体免疫机能最佳时适宜的蛋白质、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸及苏氨酸水平分别为 1 8% ,1 .3% ,0 .39%及 0 .6 8%。     

氨基酸胁迫对小麦种子幼苗生长和体内游离氨基酸水平的影响

摘 要：用赖氨酸、苏氨酸两种氨基酸单因子胁迫和两因子协同胁迫不同蛋白质含量小麦品种种子的发芽幼苗,发现5 mmol/l浓度可严重抑制根系生长,但对叶生长抑制较轻;两种氨基酸具有协同抑制作用。相比较,高蛋白含量基因型品种比低蛋白含量基因型品种可忍耐较高浓度氨基酸胁迫。HPLC方法测定胁迫植株体内游离氨基酸含量,发现胁迫氨基酸有比对照高3～10倍积累,同族氨基酸有比对照高2～3倍积累,相关氨基酸也有1～2倍积累。     

泌乳激素及苏氨酸和苯丙氨酸比例对乳蛋白合成的影响

研究泌乳素、氢化可的松和胰岛素3种泌乳激素及其组合以及苏氨酸和苯丙氨酸比例对体外培养的奶牛乳腺组织中乳蛋白合成的影响。结果表明,催乳素、氢化可的松和胰岛素的质量浓度分别为500、1 000和5 000、10 000和50 000μg/L时,显著增加α_(s1)酪蛋白的mRNA丰度。质量浓度为500μg/L的催乳素和5 000μg/L的胰岛素则显著提高乳蛋白的合成。而当3种泌乳激素质量浓度分别为催乳素500μg/L、氢化可的松1 000μg/L和胰岛素5 000μg/L时,最能促进乳腺组织中α_(s1)酪蛋白基因表达和乳蛋白合成;当Thr/Phe为1.05∶1时,α_(s1)酪蛋白mRNA丰度达到最高。Thr/Phe比例为1.02∶1时,最利于乳蛋白的合成。说明:培养液中催乳素、氢化可的松和胰岛素的质量浓度分别为500、1 000和5 000μg/L,Thr/Phe比例为1∶1时最利于体外培养的奶牛乳腺组织中乳蛋白合成。     

鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长后期对苏氨酸需要量

在半精制饲料中分别添加0、0.35%、0.70%、1.05%、1.40%、1.75%苏氨酸,制成苏氨酸实际梯度为1.05%、1.35%、1.65%、2.00%、2.42%、2.65%的6组等能等氮饲料(44.67%粗蛋白质,21.65 k J/g总能),对初始体重为(333.93±6.60)g的鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)在海水浮式网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2.0 m)中进行了70 d的喂养实验,研究其对苏氨酸的最适需求量。结果显示,鲈鱼成活率在89.58%–95.83%之间,各处理组之间无显著差异(P0.05);随着饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高,鲈鱼的特定生长率(SGR)显著增加(P0.05),且在2.00%苏氨酸饲料组出现最大值,但随着苏氨酸水平的继续升高,SGR呈减小的趋势;饲料效率(FE)随饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势,2.00%苏氨酸组的FE显著高于1.05%组及2.65%组(P0.05);随着饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高,蛋白质沉积率(PPV)呈先增加后减小的趋势,且于2.00%苏氨酸组出现最大值;肝脏谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性随饲料中苏氨酸水平的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势;饲料中不同水平苏氨酸对鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分无显著影响(P0.05)。以特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,经二次回归分析得出,鲈鱼对饲料中苏氨酸的最适需求量分别为占饲料干重的1.84%、1.87%及1.83%,占饲料蛋白质的4.11%、4.18%及4.09%。     

L-苏氨酸摇瓶发酵动力学研究

对L-苏氨酸摇瓶发酵过程和发酵动力学进行了研究。基于实验结果,经非线性拟合和优化,得到了最佳的模型参数值,最终确定了能够很好的表征实际发酵过程中菌体细胞生长、产物L-苏氨酸形成以及基质总糖消耗的3个动力学方程。并对试验数据与模型进行了比较,结果拟合良好,说明此模型较好地反映了发酵过程及其动力学机制。     

Dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted in a water flow‐through system (26–28 °C) to determine the dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Labeo rohita (3.90±0.03 cm; 0.58±0.02 g). Growth, feed utilization and body composition of fish fed test diets (40% crude protein; 17.9 kJ g^?1 gross energy) with graded levels of l ‐threonine (0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.50%, 1.75% and 2.0% dry diet) to apparent satiation were response variables used to assess threonine adequacy. Diets were made isonitrogenous and isoenergetic by adjusting the levels of glycine and dextrin. The amino acid profiles of the test diets were formulated to that of 40% whole chicken egg protein except for threonine. The performance of fish fed experimental diets was evaluated using calculated values for weight gain (g fish^?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV) data. Maximum weight gain (g fish^?1) (1.79), lowest FCR (1.39), highest PER (1.76) and PPV (0.33) were recorded at 1.50 g per 100 g dietary threonine. Statistical analysis of weight gain, FCR, PER and PPV data reflected significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments. Except for reduced growth performance in fish fed threonine‐deficient diets, no deficiency signs were noted. Weight gain, FCR, PER and PPV data were also analysed using second‐degree polynomial regression analysis to obtain a more accurate threonine requirement estimate, which was found, using each response variable, to be at 1.70, 1.63, 1.65 and 1.51 g per 100 g of dry diet, corresponding to 4.2, 4.07, 4.12 and 3.77 g per 100 g of dietary protein respectively. Based on the second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of the live weight gain, FCR, PER and PPV data, the optimum dietary level of threonine for fingerling L. rohita was found to be in the range of 1.51–1.70 g per 100 g of the dry diet, corresponding to 3.77–4.2 g per 100 g of dietary protein.     

氨基酸与母猪营养

母猪饲养是养猪生产中最重要的环节之一。母猪的营养尤其是蛋白质和氨基酸营养不仅直接影响仔猪的生长性能,而且也对母猪的使用年限和繁殖性能会产生很大影响。母猪蛋白质及氨基酸营养受品种、胎次、母猪体况、产仔数、泌乳量、采食量、哺乳期长短等诸多因素影响,增大了母猪氨基酸营养的研究难度。同时母猪个体较大、研究成本高、试验群体偏小、数据采集困难以及试验误差较大等问题也限制了母猪蛋白质及氨基酸营养的系统研究。本文对母猪的氨基酸营养进行综述,旨在为养猪生产实践中母猪日粮的合理配制提供参考。     

不同稻类品种蛋白质和氨基酸含量差异的研究

本文分析了382个栽培稻品种(含早籼、粳稻和陆稻)糙米蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成,结果表明,栽培稻品种糙米蛋白质含量(N×5.95)变幅为7.01至17.86%,平均值为10.48%;籼型品种蛋白质含量高于粳稻;同一品种在不同环境条件下糙米蛋白质含量有所波动;污水灌溉可以增加蛋白质含量;品种糙米蛋白质含量与其生育期和粒重呈负相关;高蛋白品种含有的赖氨酸和苏氨酸都较少,两者都是限制性氨基酸.     

仔猪苏氨酸营养需要量的研究

为研究早期断奶仔猪苏氨酸需要量,用大白仔猪进行了生长———代谢实验（体重７～２０ｋｇ）和大长北仔猪饲养实验（体重６～１０～２０ｋｇ）,其结果为：①为获得最大日增重和最好饲料报酬,７～２０ｋｇ体重大白仔猪日粮总苏氨酸（ＴＴＨＲ）和可消化苏氨酸（ＤＴＨＲ）适宜含量分别为０．７５％、０．６１％;大长北仔猪分别为０．７５％、０．６４％（６～１０ｋｇ体重）和０．６２％、０．５３％（１０～２０ｋｇ体重）。此ＴＴＨＲ水平相当于美国ＮＲＣ（１９８８）标准相应阶段推荐量的１１０％。②以玉米、豆粕、花生粕为主要原料的５～２０ｋｇ体重仔猪日粮,适宜的必需氨基酸比例（总氨基酸为基础）估计为：赖／含硫／苏／色＝１００：６５：６５：２０。以此必需氨基酸模式配制仔猪日粮,可取得较好的饲养效果,氮沉积和血清尿素氮（ＳＵＮ）浓度较低。③随着日粮苏氨酸水平由８０％ＮＲＣ（１９８８）推荐量增加到１１０％ＮＲＣ（实验１）和１２０％（实验２）,仔猪ＳＵＮ浓度逐渐下降。ＳＵＮ可以作为评价仔猪日粮氨基酸平衡和苏氨酸含量是否适宜的指标之一。④在本实验条件下,日粮不同苏氨酸浓度并未引起仔猪血清胆固醇（实验１）、白蛋白、球蛋白（实验２）含量的明显差别。在实验     

Growth,digestive and absorptive capacity and antioxidant status in intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp Ctenopharyngodonidella fed graded levels of dietary threonine

Background

This study was carried out to investigate effects of threonine levels on growth, digestive and absorptive capacity and antioxidant status in intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella).

Results

Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly improved by dietary threonine (P < 0.05). Intestinal activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and creatine kinase took the similar trends. Contents of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl in intestine and hepatopancreas were significantly decreased by dietary optimal threonine supplementation (P < 0.05). Anti-superoxide anion capacity, anti-hydroxyl radical capacity, glutathione content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase in intestine and hepatopancreas were enhanced by dietary threonine (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Dietary threonine could improve growth, enhance digestive and absorptive capacity and antioxidant status in intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp. The dietary threonine requirement of sub-adult grass carp (441.9-1,013.4 g) based on weight gain was 11.6 g/kg diet or 41.5 g/kg of dietary protein by quadratic regression analysis.