Reproductive biology of the female Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Stomatopoda) in relation to changes in the seasonal pattern of larval occurrence in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The reproductive traits and the monthly larval abundance of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in 2002. The goal of the study was to elucidate the cause of changes in the monthly pattern of larval abundance from the 1980s to the 1990s as these changes relate to variation in the stock size of the adult shrimp. Oogenesis was divided into 10 stages by histological observation. The developmental stage of oocytes in an individual's ovary was synchronous, suggesting that almost all the oocytes in an ovary are spawned at the same time. The size at first maturity was estimated to be 7 ≤ body length ( BL ) < 8 cm. Fecundity was expressed as a function of BL , ranging from 19 300 eggs for 8 cm BL to 92 100 eggs for 14 cm BL . Small female shrimps (<10 cm BL ) spawned around August. Most large female shrimps (≥10 cm BL ) spawned around May, and some large female shrimps also spawned until September. Although most large female shrimps spawned in spring, the larval abundance was low before July and high from August onwards. The results suggest that a substantial decrease in the stock size of large individuals causes the low larval abundance before July.     

利用性诱剂防治花生田暗黑鳃金龟的研究

为明确暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky)性诱剂对成虫的引诱效果及对幼虫虫口密度的降低作用,在全国主要花生产区开展了田间诱捕试验,调查诱捕成虫数、幼虫减退率及对花生的保果效果。结果表明:一台诱捕器一天内诱到的最大成虫数为977头;幼虫减退率最高可达78.8%,保果效果最高可达68.6%。表明暗黑鳃金龟性诱剂对成虫有很强的引诱效果,并能明显减轻幼虫为害。     

不同饵料对黄喉拟水龟稚龟生长的影响

进行了3种饵料对黄喉拟水龟（Mauremys mutica Cantor）稚龟生长影响的试验研究.试验历时154d.结果表明：1）稚龟平均日增重,鳙鱼肉组为0.13g,配合饲料组为0.12g,黄粉虫组为0.09g.2）成活率,配合饲料组最高,为100%;黄粉虫组次之,为97.1%;鳙鱼肉组最低,为88.6%.3）饵料系数,鳙鱼肉组最高,为6.38,黄粉虫组次之,为3.56,配合饲料组最低,为1.83.结果显示,用配合饲料喂养黄喉拟水龟稚龟效果良好.     

室内饲养的小菜蛾生物学特性的观察

为进一步了解小菜蛾的生物学特性,对室内传代饲养的小菜蛾幼虫、成虫的发育期、形态特征、生活习性进行了观测。结果表明,幼虫平均发育历期为11.5 d,成虫平均存活11.0 d。通过对室内饲养的小菜蛾进行生物学特性的观察,为小菜蛾防治药剂的筛选方面提供一定的基础。     

暗纹东方鲀几种组织中可培养细菌的组成分析

采用16S rDNA特征序列PCR-DGGE法,分析了不同饵料饲养的暗纹东方鲀的表皮、肠道和河鲀毒素累积组织(肝和卵巢)中可培养细菌的群落组成.根据分子系统发育分析,共鉴定出45种可培养细菌,在这些细菌中,以变形细菌的gamma亚群占多数,其它分别隶属于低GC含量革兰氏阳性菌和高GC含量革兰氏阳性菌.摄食不同饵料的暗纹东方鲀,其肠道、表皮或河鲀毒素累积组织中的细菌菌落组成是不同的,但不管是摄食人工配合饲料或天然饵料,在暗纹东方鲀的肠道、表皮或河鲀毒素累积组织中,均发现已有报道的可产河鲀毒素的细菌类群,表明饵料来源对暗纹东方鲀的河鲀毒素产生不是必需的.     

浙江中北部沿岸春、夏季鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

根据2008年4,5,6月在浙江中北部沿岸禁渔区线内45个站位开展的产卵场调查资料,研究分析了该海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布。结果表明,本海区共出现鱼卵、仔稚鱼64个种类,分别隶属13目36科47属,能鉴定到种的有47种,鉴定到科的有17种。3个航次的调查共采集到鱼卵5 846个和仔稚鱼5 502个。其中4月最少,仅采集到鱼卵366个和仔稚鱼1 445个,分别占鱼卵和仔稚鱼总数量的6.26%、26.26%;5月份共采集到鱼卵1 530个和仔稚鱼1 551个,分别占鱼卵和仔稚鱼总数量的26.17%、28.19%;6月份数量最多,共采集到鱼卵3 950个和仔稚鱼2 506个,分别占总数的67.57%、45.55%,4—6月鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量呈月递增趋势。鱼卵中石首鱼科未定种最多占10.06%,其次黄姑鱼占6.45%,再次为凤鲚占总数的6.06%。凤鲚仔稚鱼数量最多,占总种类数的34.06%,其次为虾虎鱼科仔稚鱼,占24.25%,再次为鲻科鱼类仔稚鱼,占23.57%。调查发现杭州湾是凤鲚的主要产卵场,其仔稚鱼也主要分布在杭州湾内,少量分布在舟山渔场和鱼山渔场。小黄鱼产卵场主要分布在舟山渔场、鱼山渔场外侧。从产卵时间和渔场分布来看,鱼山渔场是最早集中的水域,随着时间推移,产卵场的中心区向北部水域的舟山渔场转移。研究的海域内重要经济鱼类大黄鱼、小黄鱼、银鲳的鱼卵数量百分比明显下降,由1960年的优势种成为现在的非优势种;主要经济鱼类中鳓、凤鲚所占比例相对增加,但绝对数量有所下降。在某种程度上说明,沿岸水域资源补充量有所减少,这可能与水域环境变化及过度捕捞导致亲体量减少有关。     

水温对方格星虫幼体发育及变态的影响

研究了温度对方格星虫浮游期海球幼体发育和附着幼体变态发育的影响。实验用的亲虫来自本地海区,试验幼体通过人工催产和孵化获得。结果表明,浮游期海球幼体的发育时间与温度变化的关系极密切,并遵从Log istic曲线分布。适宜的发育温度为27.5~32.0℃之间。幼体变态发育的临界温度为27.5~28.0℃,适宜水温30.0~34.0℃之间。在30℃以上进行变态发育的幼体,变态率和变态成活率都明显提高,变态后成活率达20%以上。本文还讨论了中国方格星虫自然分布与海区水温分布的关系,认为方格星虫的自然分布自北向南增高的原因与水温有关。     

半咸水人工湿地净化越冬养殖循环水的效果

为拓展人工湿地在水产养殖上的应用,该文研究了半咸水人工湿地的循环水越冬系统中暗纹东方鲀越冬养殖效果和净化效能。结果表明,经过166d越冬养殖,暗纹东方鲀越冬成活率(76.94±13.87)%,饵料系数5.49±1.77。在无任何外源能源加温的情况下,系统水温保持在暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的生存最低温度以上。在半咸水环境下(7.6‰～9.9‰),人工湿地对养殖水有良好的净化效果:总氮去除率为30.5%、总氨氮为69.6%、亚硝酸盐为96.1%、硝酸盐为9.7%、总磷为18.4%、COD为38.8%、总悬浮物为79.7%,循环水经过人工湿地后水质符合国家渔业用水标准;越冬期间,越冬养殖池水质状况良好;除TN和NO3-N在越冬期间的去除率比在夏季的明显低外,其他主要污染物的去除率与夏季比较没有明显变化。在试验负载范围内,系统去除量随进水污染负载量的增加而增加;通过建立预测模型预测出湿地养殖面积比值0.36～0.97,与实际值1.26相比,养殖密度尚有提高的空间。因此,人工湿地能持续有效地去除暗纹东方鲀越冬循环水养殖系统中的主要污染物,说明该系统能在越冬养殖生产实际应用。     

Behavioural responses to visual environment in early stage Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. larvae

Marine fish larvae exhibit species‐specific sensitivity to light, which changes during ontogeny. Our aim was to explore how visual environment, characterized by light intensity, microalgae addition and wall colour, affects spatial distribution of Atlantic cod larvae. We applied two different small‐scale factorial designs, each of them as a series of independent short‐term trials at fixed larval ages from 5 to 35 days post hatch (DPH). Positive phototaxis increased in larvae from 5 to ≈24 DPH, followed by reduced response at later ages. Effects from the experimental factors on larval behaviour changed with age, and significant interactions between factors were present. Algae significantly affected larvae only at 5 DPH, increasing phototactic response. White wall colour induced distribution of larvae close to the tank walls at all ages. The experimental approach demonstrated clear effects from visual environment on larval distribution, and revealed both relative importance of individual factors, interactive effects and temporal changes due to larval ontogeny. Our results suggest that by fine‐tuning the visual environment in tanks, the larval distribution may be managed to improve overall rearing conditions through a more even distribution with reduced closeness to tank walls.     

红缘天牛越冬幼虫耐寒性研究

旨在探索红缘天牛越冬幼虫的耐寒性。采用热电偶法和昆虫生理生化的主要研究方法,测定越冬幼虫的过冷却点、冰点、含水率、脂肪含量、糖原含量和血淋巴中游离氨基酸种类及质量浓度,并分析上述指标变化与幼虫耐寒性的关系。结果表明:不同大小幼虫的过冷却点与冰点均无显著差异(P0.05);幼虫经5℃1d处理后,过冷却点升高,冰点降低,均呈现显著差异(P0.05);含水率由71.89%减至69.97%;血淋巴液中谷氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸占总量的百分比均有所提高;脂肪和糖原含量变化差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果说明:红缘天牛越冬幼虫具有较强的过冷却能力,通过调节血淋巴液中氨基酸质量浓度的变化抵御短时间低温环境变化,提高其对寒冷的适应能力。