保湿型洗手液的配制及其对小麦种子萌发的影响

[目的]为了降低生活污水排放对环境的影响.[方法]配制清洁保湿型洗手液,并检测其对小麦种子萌发的影响.[结果]稀释100倍洗手液的溶液会对小麦种子发芽产生较显著的影响,而稀释300倍以上的自配洗手液对小麦发芽几乎没有影响.[结论]该产品高效环保,且使用后作为生活污水排放对环境的危害小.     

洗涤效果与温度关系的理论探讨

表面活性剂是洗涤剂的必要组分。分析温度与不同表面活性剂的溶解度、表面张力和加溶作用的关系,结果表明,温度对洗涤效果的影响是多方面的。     

CrCl3预处理和表面活性剂对杨木酶解效率的影响

为了探究预处理和表面活性剂对纤维素酶水解效率的影响,该研究以杨木为研究对象,探究了温度对CrCl₃预处理的影响,同时从表面活性剂种类、用量和酶添加量3个方面分析表面活性剂对CrCl₃预处理后样品酶解的促进作用。结果表明：CrCl₃预处理对杨木组分分离有良好的促进效果,经160 ℃预处理后葡萄糖得率达到65.9%。通过结构表征发现预处理后杨木结构完整度降低,提高了纤维素的可接触面,进而提高了酶解效率。在酶解段加入木质素磺酸钙可显著缩短酶解时间,提高酶解效率,同时有效降低纤维素酶用量,最终酶解72h后葡萄糖得率达85.5%,当酶用量为该研究为提升木质纤维原料预处理效率和降低酶解成本提供了一定的理论支持。     

Microemulsion-based palm kernel oil extraction using mixed surfactant solutions

This study introduces a novel technique using surfactant microemulsion-based oil seed extraction. To achieve this objective, microemulsion formation with palm kernel oil was studied first. Then, the selected microemulsion system was used for palm kernel extraction. The results showed that the mixed surfactant of 3 wt% Comperlan KD and either 0.1 wt% Alfoterra145-5PO or 145-8PO provided an ultralow interfacial tension with the palm kernel oil (0.0197 and 0.0359 mN/m, respectively). By using those two aqueous surfactant systems for palm kernel oil extraction, the extraction efficiency was 93.99 and 94.13% at the optimum crushed kernel size between 0.212 and 0.425 mm, using 1 g seed load to 10 ml of solution and 30 min of contact time. The extracted oil quality was evaluated for water content, fatty acids composition and surfactant partitioning into oil phase. The results showed that the quality of the oil obtained using the surfactant microemulsion-based technique is of similar or better quality than when extracted by hexane solvent.     

1,1—二甲基—7—异丙基—1,2,3,4—四氢萘—6—磺酸钠的合成

文章探讨了１，１－二甲基－７－异丙基－１，２，３，４－四氢萘－６－磺酸钠合成的磺化工艺。通过实验室的试验，确定了适宜的工艺条件，１，１－二甲基－７－惜内基－１，２，３，４，－四四氢萘与浓度硫酸的配比为１：１０．５（ｍｏｌ比），反应温度９０±２℃，反应时间２０ｍｉｎ，产品得率达８０．３％。同时测定了产物表面活性性能，可用作表面活性剂。     

化学助剂对杨木酶水解及发酵制备枯草芽孢杆菌的影响

以乙酸、乙酸-双氧水两步预处理后的杨木残渣为底物,探讨化学助剂的种类和浓度对纤维素酶水解的影响,并以纤维素酶水解液中单糖为碳源,对枯草芽孢杆菌进行发酵培养,探究表面活性剂种类和剂量对其发酵过程的影响。结果表明:额外添加1000nkat/g的β-葡萄糖苷酶,杨木葡萄糖和木糖得率分别提高到74.35%和95.43%。添加吐温-80、PEG-6000、木质素磺酸钠对酶水解均有促进作用,且PEG-6000促进效果更为显著。不同表面活性剂对发酵有不同影响,吐温-80和PEG-6000在一定程度上抑制菌株生长,而木质素磺酸钠对发酵有促进作用,添加量为1g/L时活菌数提高到2.10×10^(9)CFU/mL。研究结果为木质纤维素的生物转化益生菌提供了科学依据。     

Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.     

A simple diffusion model of the effect of droplet size and spread area on foliar uptake of hydrophilic compounds

The uptake of a hydrophilic active ingredient through the leaves of plants is mathematically modelled as a simple diffusion process. A three layer model is considered consisting of the droplet, the cuticle and the subcuticle. Translocation of the active ingredient from the subcuticle is allowed for as is depletion of the active ingredient from the droplet. Both the effect of the size of the droplets on the leaf surface and surfactant enhanced spreading of the droplet is examined. It is found that decreasing the size of the droplet leads to an increase in the percentage uptake of the active ingredient. Increasing the spread area of the droplet is found to increase the percentage uptake with the effect greatest in larger droplets.     

产表面活性剂菌的筛选和验证实验研究

[目的]探究废弃钻井液中产表面活性剂菌株的性能.[方法]以废弃的钻井液为原材料,利用生物表面活性剂的性质进行产表面活性剂菌株的培养和筛选,并且将筛选出来的产表面活性剂菌进行排油活性和乳化性能的测定.[结果]筛选出的产表面活性剂菌排油圈的直径约为4 cm,乳化层初始较厚,1d后变薄.[结论]筛选出的产表面活性剂菌排油活性较好,但乳化性能不稳定.     

废水中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的分析与检测

目的：建立一种简便、快速的测定废水中十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDS）的紫外可见分光光度检测法。方法：利用3种显色剂对SDS进行UV-vis测定,外标法定量。结果：SDS在6～14mg/L范围内线性关系良好。对2种废水进行的加标回收实验的回收率分别为96.7%和97.2%,相对标准偏差分别为5.2%和2.9%。结论：该方法操作简便,能够满足生活废水中SDS含量的测定要求。