Net depth response of a depth-controllable (towed) gillnet for fish sampling

SUMMARY: Flume-tank experiments were performed to examine the depth response of a new type of depth-controlled gillnet. Variations of net depth were investigated as the warp was paid out and wound up for different changes of warp length, main sinker weights, and winch speeds. In most experiments, when the warp finished paying out, the net continued to descend and then ascended slightly to an equilibrium depth (overshoot phenomenon). The overshoot distance was nearly constant when the warp was wound up and increased linearly with increasing winch speed when the warp was paid out. An increase in winch speed reduced net settling time, which converged on a constant value for both paying out and winding up.     

Genetic diversity of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible Avena fatua populations in North Dakota and Minnesota

Genetic diversity within and among 20 herbicide-resistant (HR) and 16 herbicide-susceptible (HS) Avena fatua multi-field populations was determined using 82 polymorphic loci resulting from two intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers and one long-primer random amplified polymorphic DNA (LP-RAPD) primer. Collections from the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota, sampled in 1964 and 2000, represented A. fatua populations before and after intensive exposure to herbicides. A 1995 collection from south-west North Dakota represented A. fatua exposed to low herbicide selection. Despite differences in years of herbicide exposure among collections, both HR and HS populations from every collection maintained nearly similar levels of ISSR and RAPD diversity. Genetic differentiation among populations (G_ST) varied from 11% to 13% among HR populations and from 9% to 16% among HS populations, indicating that 84–91% of total variation remained within HS or within HR populations. Minimal difference in gene diversity between HR and HS is consistent with multiple origins of resistance, where HR A. fatua most likely evolved from diverse founding individuals.     

计算机软件的硬加密卡

提出了软件的一种智能硬加密方法．利用8位单片机、PCI总线结构设计了一种直接插在计算机总线上的硬件加密卡．加密程序设为中断程序，以陷阱中断的方式启动该中断程序．采用随机数实时核对加密方法，加密卡中随机数生成电路经A／D转换后、通过外部中断方式存入片内RAM中，成为被加密数．因该数是随机产生的，所以解密很困难．单片机与PC机间数据传输的端口地址译码采用GAL16V8完成，既具有保密性，又减少成本，节省了系统地址资源．     

沙尘暴应急监测方法研究

在沙尘暴应急监测方法研究中,通过对总悬浮颗粒物采样仪器及各种采样参数的研究确定和降尘采样器的研制,制定出沙尘暴应急监测方法。     

Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

Heritability and genetic correlations between rumination time and production traits in Holstein dairy cows during different lactation phases

So far, rumination has been used as a proxy for monitoring dairy cow health at farm level. However, investigating its genetic aspects as well as its correlation with other important productive traits may turn this management tool into a new informative selection criterion. However, scientific evidences on genetic correlation among rumination time (RT) and milk production and milk composition are still scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of RT across three lactation phases and its genetic correlation with milk production, milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC). Results of our study showed that heritability for RT was 0.34 and was constant across lactation. The mean genetic correlations between RT and milk production and composition traits were 0.07 (milk production), ?0.07 (protein yield), ?0.31 (fat yield), and ?0.32 (fat/protein ratio). The mean genetic correlation between RT and the SCC was 0.05.     

多目标资源调查站位优化设计——以渤海为例

本研究以渤海为研究区域,通过数值模拟,分析了种类出现率(将基于渤海调查的17个主要渔业种类分为3类:Ⅰ类出现率≥70%,Ⅱ类出现率50%～70%,Ⅲ类出现率50%)和栖息水层对单种类资源量相对误差(Relative error, REE)的影响,不同调查站位数量(48和60)对定点采样与分层随机采样分析结果的影响,并优化了渤海多目标渔业资源调查的设计方案。结果显示,Ⅰ类中5种资源量REE在20%以内,Ⅱ类中3种资源量REE在30%以内,Ⅲ类中6种资源量REE在35%以内,即单种资源量评估值随种类出现率下降,相对误差变大;种类的栖息水层对种类资源量REE无明显影响。定点采样评估值随站位数量减少,精度下降(鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类的资源量指数和Margalef丰富度指数的REE分别增加了1.1%、2.5%、8.4%、4.4%和3.3%);分层随机采样可弥补站位数减少带来的精度下降,如站位数为48的分层随机采样获得的鱼类资源量指数评估精度(REE为4.6%)高于站位数为60的定点采样的精度(REE为7.7%),有助于减少调查成本和保护资源量低的种类。然而,每种采样方法并不能完全满足多目标最优,不同站位分配方案影响分层随机采样的精度,按照抽样费用最优准则设置站位,可获得精确度较高的鱼类、虾类、蟹类、头足类及黄鲫(Setipinnataty)、口虾蛄(Oratosquillaoratoria)、日本枪乌贼(Loligojaponica)、鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)、叫姑鱼(Johniusgrypotus)、泥脚隆背蟹(Carcinoplaxvestita)、中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)等主要种类资源量评估结果,可作为渤海多目标种类资源调查的站位设计方案。     

基于NGO-CNN-SVM的高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本预测

为提高高标准农田项目施工成本的预测精度,控制施工成本在合理范围,减少投资风险,该研究从单体灌溉工程施工成本预测角度出发,通过随机森林（random forest,RF）筛选出高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本的关键影响因素,结合卷积神经网络（convolutional neural networks,CNN）和支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）两种模型的优点,通过北方苍鹰优化算法（northern goshawk optimization,NGO）对模型里的惩罚因子和核参数进行寻优,构建基于NGO-CNN-SVM的施工成本预测模型。通过辽宁省2018—2023年高标准农田工程中灌溉工程的施工成本数据,选取样本决定系数R²、平均绝对误差MAE、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE和均方根误差RMSE作为精度指标进行分析,结果表明：基于NGO-CNN-SVM的施工成本预测模型在渠道工程中MAE低于0.615万元,RMSE低于0.512万元,R²达到0.968以上,相对误差小于4.210%;在进水闸工程中MAE低于0.610万元,RMSE低于0.536万元,R²达到0.966以上,相对误差小于4.410%;在桥涵工程中MAE低于0.494万元,RMSE低于0.477万元,R²达到0.970以上,相对误差小于3.548%,并相比较于反向传播神经网络,CNN和CNN-SVM模型,NGO-CNN-SVM模型的预测结果均最优。通过特征选择、模型融合、算法优化以及不同模型对比表明NGO-CNN-SVM模型具有更高的预测准确率和泛化性,可为高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本预测提供理论依据。     

基于GFM和GAMM模型分析对虾白斑综合征(WSSV)对黄海和东海北部水域虾类生物量的影响

虾类是海洋生态系统功能群的重要组成部分,其生物量变化受到多重因素的影响。本研究在开展黄海和东海北部水域虾类白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)流行病学调查的基础上,利用梯度随机森林模型(gradient random forest model, GFM)和广义加性混合模型(generalized additive mixed models, GAMM),分析了2016—2018年间黄海和东海北部水域WSSV流行对虾类生物量的影响。分子检测结果显示,调查所获取的26种虾类中,11种被检测为WSSV阳性;2016、2017和2018年WSSV阳性采样站点的比率分别为48.40%、38.75%和21.74%,虾类样品中WSSV阳性检出比率分别为16.86%、9.60%和4.80%。GFM模型分析显示,解释变量“阳性样品数的对数(ln_posi)”对响应变量“虾类生物量的对数(ln_Abu)”的重要性最高。GAMM分析中,根据赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion, AIC)最小原则筛选出的最优模型为：ln_Abu~WSSV阳性率(P_rate)+ln_posi+经度(Long),该模型中ln_posi和P_rate是影响虾类生物量的极显著相关因子,ln_Abu随着P_rate的升高而降低。研究表明,WSSV在黄海和东海北部水域虾类中流行,推测对该海域的虾类生物量存在影响。