基于EnhanceFish模型的鱼类增殖放流策略研究：以中山市南朗水域黄鳍棘鲷增殖放流为例

增殖放流是增殖受损生物资源和维持渔业可持续发展的重要途径,效果评估是增殖放流工作的重要环节。本研究引入EnhanceFish模型,从生态容量、种群结构、经济效益等方面对广东省中山市南朗水域黄鳍棘鲷(Acanthopagrus latus)增殖放流效果进行评估,探讨了EnhanceFish模型在我国渔业资源增殖放流效果评估中的应用潜力。结果显示,中山市南朗水域黄鳍棘鲷最大的放流数量为160万尾,最佳放流规格为全长6 cm,可获最大净现值6.2万元,可适当提高捕捞努力量,增加渔民人均收入;EnhanceFish模型能弥补其他评估方式功能单一的劣势,在生态容量评估中结果更精确,在种群结构评估中考虑更全面,在经济效益评估中更节约成本。因此,EnhanceFish模型在我国渔业资源增殖活动中有一定的应用价值。     

贵州省平坝县森林蓄积量动态变化

依据平坝县1985年、1995年、2005年的森林资源二类调查数据以及2013年平坝县林地变更调查数据,对平坝县森林蓄积量动态变化进行分析。结果表明:平坝县森林蓄积量28年来稳步增长,但森林蓄积量增长过程也存在一些问题,对此提出加强森林经营管理、改善林分质量、增加森林蓄积量、加强森林资源多样性保护、充分利用乡土树种和良种等经营建议。     

春小麦碳同位素分辨率与相关生理性状的遗传相关分析

用17份春小麦品种作为试验材料,在宁夏灌区银川测定碳同位素分辨率(△)、水分利用效率 (WUE)、灰分、比叶重、光合气体交换参数,并在方差分析显著的基础上,进行遗传、表型和环境相关分析和简单相关分析.结果表明:各性状在品种间存在显著或极显著差异 .△Gm与Sm、WUE、maL、 Ci、Gs、Ci/Ca均呈极显著正遗传相关,与开花期Pn及灌浆期Tl呈显著负遗传相关;△S m与WUE、maL、开花期气体交换参数(Ci、Gs、Ci/Ca)的遗传相关性达到极显著正相关水平,与Tl、开花期Pn的遗传相关达到极显著负相关水平,并且它们之间的遗传相关主要受遗传基因的控制,环境条件对其相关性影响较小,maL与△的显著的遗传相关,作为△的替代指标有较大的潜力,认为在灌区适合种植和培育高秆型、高碳同位素分辨率型和低温型小麦.     

Contribution of Different Organs to Grain Filling in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post‐Anthesis Photosynthesis and Remobilization

Under Mediterranean conditions, drought affects cereals production principally through a limitation of grain filling. In this study, the respective role of post‐anthesis photosynthesis and carbon remobilization and the contribution of flag leaf, stem, chaff and awns to grain filling were evaluated under Mediterranean conditions in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) cultivars. For the purpose, we examined the effects of shading and excision of different parts of the plant and compared carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in dry matter of flag leaf, stem, chaff, awns and grain at maturity and in sap of stem, flag leaf, chaff and awns, this last measurement providing information on photosynthesis during a short period preceding sampling. Source–sink manipulations and isotopic imprints of different organs on final isotope composition of the grain confirmed the high contribution of both carbons assimilated by ears and remobilized from stems to grain filling, and the relatively low contribution of leaves to grain filling. Grain Δ was highly and significantly associated with grain yield across treatments, suggesting the utilization of this trait as an indicator of source–sink manipulations effects on grain yield. Chaff and awns Δ were better correlated with grain Δ than stem and leaf Δ, indicating that chaff were more involved in grain filling than other organs. Moreover, in chaff, sap Δ was highly significantly correlated with dry matter Δ. These results suggest the use of Δ for a rapid and non‐destructive estimation of the variation in the contribution of different organs to grain filling.     

头骨形态指标鉴别水貂来源有效性的评估

人工驯养野生动物是获取野生动物产品的重要手段,但是非法盗猎的野生动物产品以人工饲养的名义进入市场,就会对野生动物的保护形成挑战。因此,准确鉴别市场上的动物产品是来自养殖场还是野外,是保护野外种群,维持养殖业正常秩序的关键。本研究以北美水貂(Neovison vison)为例,基于颧骨内侧空间(ZAS)、颧宽(ZAA和ZBA)、颅基长(BSL)、下颌长(MDL)、眶后收缩(POC)和最大面部宽度(GFB)等量度,建立了9个头骨形态计量学指标:POC/GFB、POC/BSL、POC/MDL、ZAS SQRT/BSL、ZA SSQRT/MDL、ZBA×BSL/2ZAS、ZBA×MDL/2ZAS、ZBB×BSL/2ZAS和ZBB×MDL/2ZAS。野生组(n=32,9雄23雌)和饲养组(n=45,35雄10雌)的比较表明,除POC/GFB外,所有指标对于在两组样品之间均有显著差异,整体判别正确率为73.2%—85.5%。在性别已知的情况下,雄性的整体正确率为82.4%—93.8%,雌性为41.7%—85.7%。为此,应针对不同性别、不同来源的动物建立相应的参考数据,利用似然比进行鉴别。本研究的结果不仅可用于北美水貂的鉴别,也为其他小型食肉动物的鉴别提供经验。     

Discrimination of “grazing milk” using milk fatty acid profile in the grassland dairy area in Hokkaido

Milk produced by the grazing system, referred to as “grazing milk” contains many components required for human health. The milk fatty acid (FA) profile is strongly associated with the diet on the farms. In the present study, based on the FA profile of farmer's bulk milk, we determined how to discriminate between milk produced on grazing and on a confinement system. A field survey was conducted four times (grazing and confinement season) in the Konsen (29 farms) and Okhotsk (25 farms) area in Hokkaido. Farmer's bulk milk samples and details of feeding management were collected and the FA profile of milk was measured. Milk produced during the grazing season contained less C16:0 and cis‐9 C16:0, and more C18:0, cis‐9 C18:1, trans‐11 C18:1, cis‐9,12 C18:2, cis‐9,trans‐11 C18:2 and cis‐9,12,15 C18:3 than milk produced during the confinement season. Discrimination analysis using 16 FA revealed that almost all milk samples were discriminated correctly (confinement season: 90% correct and 10% borderline, grazing season: 88% correct, 9% borderline and 3% incorrect). For farmers that were categorized incorrectly and were considered borderline in the grazing season, the dependency on pasture was low compared with that for farmers correctly discriminated. Therefore, to claim “grazing milk”, a high dependency on pasture is required for grazing dairy farmers.     

黑皮冬瓜嫁接砧木的筛选与鉴定

挑选南瓜砧、蒲瓜砧和葫芦砧共10个品种,以佛山市三水黑皮冬瓜为接穗,采用斜顶插接法嫁接,露地栽培管理,比较其产量和农艺性状。试验结果表明,DZ-01冬瓜砧、京欣砧三号和强势作为三水黑皮冬瓜的嫁接砧木,可有效降低枯萎病发病率,增产10%以上,商品性状得到明显改善,商品品质差异不显著,推广应用性强。     

Two-dimensional Optimum Cutting Stock Method Based on Internet and Its Implementing Technique

Two dimensional Optimum Cutting Stock is a NP complicated problem. Each of optimum software gets the cutting results by using proximate and heuristic methods. But different optimum methods and their optimum software may not realize perfect effect according to certain data framework. Furthermore, enterprises can not buy lots of optimum software to choose the most optimized plan. Because of such problems, this paper provides a two dimensional optimum cutting stock method based on Internet and offers the real implementing technique of such method. The experiments, show that this method promotes the general optimum effect of two dimensional optimum cutting stock greatly.     

黄瓜砧木对南方根结线虫生长发育的影响及其与根系分泌物的关系

黄瓜是设施主栽蔬菜,长期连作导致根结线虫病发生和危害加重;嫁接是提高黄瓜对根结线虫抗性的有效手段,但不同砧木品种间存在差异。为探明嫁接提高黄瓜抗根结线虫能力的机制,试验选用不同抗性的砧木品种‘云南黑籽南瓜’(低感)和‘甜砧南瓜’(高感),以‘新泰密刺’自根黄瓜为对照,采用人工接种,研究了黄瓜砧木对南方根结线虫生长和繁殖的影响,并探讨了根系分泌物与线虫卵孵化的关系。结果表明:线虫侵染初期,3个品种根内的二龄幼虫(J2)数差异显著,‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少,‘甜砧南瓜’次之,‘新泰密刺’最多;侵入根内的J2均能正常发育为成虫,根内线虫总数以‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少,‘新泰密刺’最多;根际J2数量以‘新泰密刺’最多,‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少;发生二次侵染前,根际卵粒数呈现出相同的特点。黄瓜及其砧木根系分泌物明显影响根结线虫卵的孵化,孵化率以‘云南黑籽南瓜’最低,‘甜砧南瓜’次之,‘新泰密刺’最高;接种根结线虫后,根系分泌物影响下的卵孵化率较未接种时明显增加,‘新泰密刺’增幅最大,‘云南黑籽南瓜’增幅最小;随着生育时间延长,三者根系分泌物对卵孵化的促进作用逐渐增强。低感砧木根系分泌物对南方根结线虫卵孵化具有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低线虫在其根内及根际的发育,可能是抗线虫的机制之一。     

希拉穆仁草原退化评价及地表风蚀颗粒表征

经过对希拉穆仁草原围封、自由放牧草地及旅游区进行实地调查,结合内蒙古自治区第5次荒漠化和沙化监测实施细则,根据植被盖度和生物量等指标对草原进行了退化诊断与评价,并在此基础上研究了不同退化程度的地表粗粒组成。结果表明:希拉穆仁草原围封草地以轻度退化为主,自由放牧区以中度退化为主,但在坡顶出现重度退化,旅游区退化程度最为严重,均为重度退化区;可以以土壤颗粒0.84mm的百分比含量作为草原退化的判别标准,当其含量在82.22%~89.04%范围内为重度退化,含量在74.01%~79.53%为中度退化,含量在56.05%~66.11%为轻度退化。该指标能够直观、实时地反映草原的退化状况,且具有简便、快速诊断的生产应用性。