上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。     

High levels of genetic differentiation between Wolbachia-infected and non-infected populations of Folsomia candida (Collembola, Isotomidae)

The Gram-negative -Proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis has been described as an obligate endosymbiont in many arthropod species, where it induces a variety of reproductive alterations, including parthenogenesis. Recently, this microorganism has also been detected in the parthenogenetic collembolan Folsomia candida. Here, we confirm the occurrence of the endosymbiont also in two Italian parthenogenetic populations of F. candida using ultrastructural (electron microscopy) and molecular (PCR screening on two bacterial genes) evidence. The strain isolated in the Italian populations has almost-identical gene sequences compared to that previously isolated in other populations of F. candida. In addition, we discovered a population of Folsomia cf. candida, which showed the presence of both males and females. This population is not infected by Wolbachia. A screening of two mitochondrial genes (COI and COII) showed that the bisexual population has high levels of genetic divergence in comparison with the parthenogenetic ones, even suggesting the possibility that it belongs to a different species. Furthermore, the remarkably high levels of genetic divergence between the two parthenogenetic populations suggests a possible influence of Wolbachia on inducing such differentiation, and, in the long term, speciation.     

上海不同地区土壤中硒的形态分布及其有效性研究

本文研究了上海不同地区土壤中硒的形态分布及其有效性,结果表明,土壤中硒的存在形态与土壤ｐＨ和有机质含量密切相关,土壤中硒主要以有机物－硫化物结合态及元素态存在,占总硒含量在４３～６０％,其次是残渣态,占２３～４３％,而其余三种形态仅占１２～２１％,统计分析表明,可溶态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒对作物最有效,土壤有效硒的ＮａＨＣＯ３和ＫＨ２ＰＯ４浸提法都可以用作判断土壤对作物供硒能力的指标。     

成都稻田水-土界面上锰形态的时空分布特征

以盐酸为介质,采用Tessier连续提取法及火焰原子吸收法,分析了不同时空条件下成都某地稻田水-土界面上土壤锰形态、总锰的含量及表面水、孔隙水中可溶态锰的浓度.结果表明:各形态锰含量随淹水时间、土质和灌溉条件的不同而变化.冬水田A可溶态锰的峰值于4、5、6月均出现在永-土界面下3 ～7 cm处,而水旱轮作田B的蜂值则从4月的7～8 cm上移至5、6月的4～5 cm;2块稻田均出现氧化物结合态锰随着水淹时间延长而显著减少的现象;插秧前氧化物结合态锰含量最高,插秧后残渣态锰含量最高,容易被植物吸收利用的锰形态含量很少;2块稻田因灌溉水的酸碱性不同而导致了碳酸盐结合态锰明显不同的变化趋势.2块稻田总锰含量的平均值分别为499和507μg/g,均未超过我国土壤锰的平均含量,说明该地区未受到锰的污染.     

当归·黄芪及当归补血汤中元素形态分析

[目的]分析当归、黄芪及当归补血汤中的元素形态。[方法]采取中药常用煎煮方法对当归、黄芪及当归补血汤中Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Sr和Zn7种元素进行提取;用0.45μm滤膜分离煎液中的可溶态和不溶态;利用XAD-2大孔树脂将可溶态中元素分为有机态和无机态;采用ICP-AES法对各种形态中的7种元素进行测定。[结果]结果表明:当归、黄芪、当归补血汤药材及煎液中Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn的含量较高,7种金属元素的煎出率在8.77%~76.49%,煎液中各元素主要以可溶态形式存在,而在可溶态中又主要以无机态形式存在,当归、黄芪配伍共煎后对各元素形态变化并无规律性整体增加或减少。[结论]为进一步分析中药中金属元素的存在形态,深入探讨金属元素在中药药材、药效方面的作用机制提供了一定的理论基础。     

巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮形态特征及影响研究(英文)

[目的]对我国巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮的形态特征及其影响进行研究。[方法]研究巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流溶解性无机氮(DIN)的形态组成和分布特征,并探讨它们对水质的影响。[结果]NH3-N、NO2--N平均浓度在汛期较高,非汛期较低,NO3--N正好相反;双桥河口NH3-N浓度远高于其他各点,污染最为严重。柘皋河口、小柘皋河口DIN主要为生活污水及工业废水污染所致;双桥河口地表径流、船舶污染等对DIN含量贡献较大。[结论]该研究为巢湖富营养化控制和治理提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

Fecal polymerase chain reaction with 16S ribosomal RNA primers can detect the presence of gastrointestinal Helicobacter in dogs

Questions about pathogenesis and therapy for Helicobacter infections in dogs could be answered with a simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific diagnostic test. We hypothesized that a fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay would detect Helicobacter and could be useful for assessing therapeutic responses. Paired gastric biopsies and fecal samples were obtained from 39 random source dogs (group 1). Gastric biopsies from each of these dogs had histologic evidence of gastric spiral bacteria, and paired gastric tissue and fecal samples produced a 375-base pair (bp) product when amplified by PCR with Helicobacter-specific primers. Specificity of the PCR product was confirmed by detection of expected 60-, 119-, and 196-bp products following Hinfl digestion. Direct sequencing of amplicons from paired PCR products from gastric biopsy and fecal samples from 8 group I dogs showed that gastric products had the highest homologies with known gastric Helicobacter species, whereas fecal products had the highest homologies with intestinal species. Healthy mixed-breed dogs (group II; n = 8) with histologically confirmed spiral bacteria infection were treated with a 21-day course of metronidazole, amoxicillin, and famotidine. Fecal samples were collected from group II dogs twice before and within 3 days of completion of treatment. The PCR results correctly identified 15/16 pretreatment samples as positive: 1 pretreatment sample was negative. PCR results identified 8/8 posttreatment samples as Helicobacter negative. Fecal PCR is a useful test for detecting Helicobacter infection in dogs. This assay may be useful as a screening test for infection and could be used to address questions relevant to pathogenesis and therapy.     

广东某硫酸厂含铊冶炼废渣堆放场土壤铊剖面特征及迁移行为

重点研究了广东某硫酸工业废渣堆放场周围土壤剖面中铊的污染特征及迁移影响因素。研究表明,铊污染物主要集中在土壤0~16.5cm范围,并且表现出沿垂直方向向下迅速降低的特点。土壤中铊污染物活动态的比例很高,主要以铊的铁锰氧化物结合态(TlFe/MnOx)存在,铊的可交换态(Tlexc)、铊的碳酸盐结合态(Tlcar)、TlFe/MnOx在土壤中迁移性强,而铊的有机结合态(Tlorg)和铊的残余态(Tlres)迁移性相对较弱。土壤pH值是影响铊污染物在土壤中迁移的主要因素,铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物、有机质、土壤粒度组成、CEC(阳离子交换容量)是影响铊迁移的次要因素。     

Impacts of soybean growth on Cu speciation and distribution in two rhizosphere soils

The effects of soybean growth on Cu speciation and distribution in two artificially Cu-contaminated soils (phaiozem, a Mollisol, and burozem, an Alfisol) were investigated using a rhizobox culture system followed by the sequential chemical extraction technique. The rhizosphere soils in the rhizobox were separated with nylon cloth into 11 sections: a central zone (4 mm in width) and ten side rhizosphere subzones (1 mm in width). The Cu fractions in Cu-contaminated phaiozem could be ranked as EXCH (exchangeable Cu)<ACID (HAc extractable Cu)< FeMnOX (bound to Fe–Mn oxides)<OM (bound to organic matter)<RES (residual Cu), and in Cu-contaminated burozem as EXCH< FeMnOX< OM< ACID< RES. Soybean growth resulted in an obvious increase of EXCH-Cu in the rhizosphere soil in the first 4 weeks of incubation, with the biggest increase in the central zone. Compared with the unplanted control soil, the content of ACID-Cu in soybean rhizosphere increased in the first 2–3 weeks of incubation and then decreased towards the end of the experiment (6 weeks). The increasing tendency was also observed in the FeMnOX-Cu fraction during the first 3 weeks and the OM-Cu fraction during the first 4 weeks, and their increments were obviously larger than those of the EXCH-Cu and ACID-Cu fractions. This suggested that more RES-Cu activated by the action of soybean roots was partitioned into the less phytoavailable forms, FeMnOX-Cu and OM-Cu. This may be of a benefit to the normal growth of soybean in Cu-contaminated soils. By the end of cultivation, the content of FeMnOX-Cu decreased, but only a small part of Cu was absorbed by soybean, being most of the Cu loss partitioned into the RES-Cu fraction.