海湾扇贝骨料不同替代率对人工鱼礁物理性能影响及碳汇作用分析

本研究在抗压强度为C25的普通混凝土配合比的基础上,采用粗、细扇贝壳对混凝土中的天然骨料部分替代,并对扇贝壳混凝土配合比进行了研究,比较了粗、细扇贝壳替代天然骨料混凝土的工作性能和基本力学性能,并根据山东省2016~2020年的投礁计划,对利用扇贝壳替换人工鱼礁混凝土中天然骨料的固碳潜能及可清理的废弃扇贝壳堆积面积进行估算。结果显示,随着扇贝壳替换天然骨料比例的增加,混凝土的塌落度呈降低趋势。粗扇贝壳替换天然粗骨料混凝土较细扇贝壳替换天然细骨料混凝土的塌落度降幅大;粗扇贝壳替代混凝土中的天然石时,扇贝壳混凝土的抗压性能与基准混凝土基本接近,粗扇贝壳的最佳替代率为40%,28 d抗压强度较基准混凝土提高了7.3%。用细扇贝壳替代混凝土中的天然砂时,可使混凝土的抗压性能较基准混凝土提高幅度较大,最佳替代率为60%,28 d抗压强度较基准混凝土提高了33.5%;以细扇贝壳替换混凝土天然细骨料替换率为50%~70%估算,山东省2016~2020年计划新建的2043万空方人工鱼礁均用此种混凝土制作,可实现礁体固碳量27.54~38.56万t,可减少废弃贝壳陆地堆积面积5.89~8.24 km2,具有很高的生态潜能。     

Steepland resources: characteristics, stability and micromorphology

Steeplands of Central America are a major land resource, but due to population pressures they are rapidly being deforested leading to landscape instability. Microwatersheds of Southern Honduras were examined to correlate soil type, landform, slope gradient and slump potential. Soils most susceptible to slumping were moderately deep (0.5–1 m) Haplustalfs and Haplustepts. These soils occupy about 25% of the landscape, and have slope gradients of 45–90%. Soils are developed on plagioclase-rich andesitic parent material, are loam to clay loam in texture and have high base status. However, due to weathering of parent material, sand and silt fractions are dominated by quartz with smaller amounts of plagioclase, vermiculite and kaolinite. The A and B horizons have an open porphyric related distribution with plagioclase as the coarse fraction in a fine-grained groundmass. The andesitic parent rock contains abundant hydrothermally altered plagioclase phenocrysts in a single-spaced porphyric-related (c/f_5μm ratio of 4:1) distribution. Some feldspars are partially to completely altered to clay pseudomorphs, probably vermiculite. Microfabric analysis of soil and pararock did not show any striated b-fabric indicative of shear failure. However, microfabrics do confirm translocated clay into the subsoil as typic pore coatings indicating long-term landscape stability prior to deforestation.