Reproductive biology of the female Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Stomatopoda) in relation to changes in the seasonal pattern of larval occurrence in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The reproductive traits and the monthly larval abundance of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in 2002. The goal of the study was to elucidate the cause of changes in the monthly pattern of larval abundance from the 1980s to the 1990s as these changes relate to variation in the stock size of the adult shrimp. Oogenesis was divided into 10 stages by histological observation. The developmental stage of oocytes in an individual's ovary was synchronous, suggesting that almost all the oocytes in an ovary are spawned at the same time. The size at first maturity was estimated to be 7 ≤ body length ( BL ) < 8 cm. Fecundity was expressed as a function of BL , ranging from 19 300 eggs for 8 cm BL to 92 100 eggs for 14 cm BL . Small female shrimps (<10 cm BL ) spawned around August. Most large female shrimps (≥10 cm BL ) spawned around May, and some large female shrimps also spawned until September. Although most large female shrimps spawned in spring, the larval abundance was low before July and high from August onwards. The results suggest that a substantial decrease in the stock size of large individuals causes the low larval abundance before July.     

Vertical distribution of larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus): Implications for vertical migratory behaviour and transport

Understanding the interactions among biological and physical processes is essential to determining how the environment affects transport and survival of fishes. We examined vertical distribution in larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) using 126 depth stratified tows in Delaware Bay, USA, during two cruises, in December 2007 and February 2008. Menhaden larvae were 16.8–24.6 and 20.5–26.2 mm standard length in December and February. Corresponding lengths for croaker were 9.3–17.9 and 8.6–19.6 mm. Using empirical observations, and statistically derived models, we explored larval concentration for both species as a function of location, depth, diel period, tidal period, size, and pairwise interactions. Menhaden concentration was best modeled as a function of station, cruise, and interactions between depth and size as well as between station and cruise. No significant differences in larval menhaden concentration were present among tidal and diel periods. Croaker concentration was best modeled as a function of size and interactions between station and diel period, depth and size, cruise and size. Despite tidal period not emerging as a significant model parameter, we observed larger croaker larvae during nighttime flood tides. Our statistical models are consistent with processes of up‐estuary transport for both species, suggesting larvae are increasingly affected by behavioral responses as larvae grow, exhibiting stronger patterns in vertical distribution. The results refine our understanding of the potential importance of size‐related differences in vertical distribution for larval transport in these species. Future research should examine the interactions among size‐specific vertical migratory capabilities, vertical distribution, transport, and retention.     

罗源湾养殖大黄鱼虹彩病毒的PCR检测

2012年7月至10月间对从福建罗源湾患“白鳃病”的网箱养殖大黄鱼的鳃丝、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏及性腺等器官组织提取的总DNA进行虹彩病毒PCR检测,经序列分析,从患鱼肝脏、脾脏、肾脏获得的两条病毒DNA基因片段ly1、ly2分别与已报道的大黄鱼虹彩病毒(AY779031)和真鲷虹彩病毒(AB104413)高度相似,患鱼病毒阳性率为10%~65%.由此判断,罗源湾发生“白鳃病”并出现陆续死亡情况的养殖大黄鱼可能与感染虹彩病毒有直接关系.     

三亚近岸海域水体的水质状况分析和评价

近年来三亚水产养殖业和滨海旅游业发展迅速,给三亚近岸水体的水质带来了影响。于2013年1-4月对濒临三亚市区的三亚湾和远离市区的亚龙湾水体中的pH值、溶解氧、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总磷、化学需氧量进行了测定。结果表明,三亚湾水体中的磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总磷和化学需氧量的含量均高于亚龙湾,且个别月份间呈显著性差异（P〈0.05）和极显著性差异（P〈0.01）;对水体中pH值和溶解氧的测定表明,2处海湾水体符合国家Ⅰ～Ⅱ类海水水质标准;三亚湾和亚龙湾水体中的磷酸盐浓度分别为0.0152～0.0189 mg/L和0.0082～0.0143 mg/L,分别符合国家Ⅱ～Ⅲ类和Ⅰ类海水水质标准;化学需氧量含量分别为0.528～0.899 mg/L和0.533～1.013 mg/L,均符合国家Ⅰ类海水水质标准。亚龙湾水体水质优于三亚湾,且前者多数海域水体符合国家Ⅰ类海水水质标准;后者多数海域符合国家Ⅱ～Ⅲ类水质标准,少数符合国家Ⅰ类水质标准。     

福建三沙湾鱼类群落组成特征及其多样性

根据2008年福建海区三沙湾春季和秋季两个季度月鱼类调查资料,分析和研究福建三沙湾鱼类群落结构及生态类型特点。结果表明:渔获鱼类经鉴定共有94种,其中,软骨鱼类的须鲨目、鲼形目和电鳐目各1种;硬骨鱼类的鲈形目最多,47种,其次鲱形目10种,鲽形目9种。以暖水性种类为主,占总种数70.2%,具有明显的热带和亚热带特征。从种类重量和数量组成看,整个调查港湾以具有一定经济价值种类为主,优势种为半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus sem ilaevis)、硬头鲻(Mugil strongylocephalus)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)、红狼牙虾虎鱼(Odontam blyopus rubicundus)、大黄鱼(Larim ichthys crocea)、孔虾虎鱼(Trypauchen vagina)、龙头鱼(Harpodon neherus)、棱鮻(Liza carinatus)、海鳗(Muraenesox cinereus)等;总平均资源相对密度为3.49 kg/h,种类多样性指数H为2.017,种类均匀度指数J′为0.820,种类丰富度指数D为2.434。整个海区优势种明显,平均资源相对密度低,多样性指数和均匀度指数分布处于中下水平。     

南海柘林湾鱼类群落结构季节变动的研究

基于2013年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)柘林湾拖网调查数据,分析了柘林湾甲壳类资源密度、种类组成和优势种、多样性的变化特征,并对甲壳类群落结构和环境因子的关系进行了研究。调查结果表明,甲壳类资源密度变化范围为30.094~199.048 kg·km^–2;甲壳类出现53种,隶属于2目13科22属,主要优势种为口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、宽突赤虾(Metapenaeopsis palmensis)、锈斑蟳 (Charybdis feriatus)和哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)等;多样性指数变化范围为2.31~3.03,均匀度指数变化范围为0.55~0.8,物种丰富度指数变化范围为1.55~3.29。单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)、聚类分析和非度量多维标度分析(NMDS)结果表明,柘林湾海域甲壳类群落结构存在明显的季节更替。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明各季节典型种主要有口虾蛄、断脊口虾蛄(O.interrupa)等,分歧种主要有口虾蛄、红星梭子蟹(Portunus sanguinolentus)等。典范对应性分析表明,影响柘林湾海域甲壳类群落结构季节变化的主要环境因子依次为水温、pH和溶解氧。     

粤东柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价

采用层次分析法,构建了基于生态系统效应的资源保护型人工鱼礁建设选址评价方法,通过选择水文、水质、底质和浮游生物、鱼卵仔鱼、大型底栖动物、游泳动物、初级生产力、潮间带大型底栖动物等30个海洋环境与海洋生物因子,建立了人工鱼礁建设选址生态评估模型;以柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁区选址区域为例,对所选因子进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个季度的跟踪监测,探讨了该海区进行人工鱼 礁建设的适宜性,根据该模型计算得出各季度人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价指数分别为0.65、0.71、0.63、0.64,平均为 0.66,计算结果表明,该区域建礁生态基础良好,适宜选址开展人工鱼礁建设,其中生态基础最优的季节为夏季。     

辽东湾安氏短吻银鱼的生物学

安氏短吻银鱼Neosalanx andersoni(Randahl)曾为辽东湾早春的重要捕捞对象。本文对该鱼的形态特征、繁殖、食性、洄游等进行了调查，并对其分布、精巢数目、资源下降的原因以及繁殖保护的措施作了分析和讨论．     

温度对双岛湾鳗草种子萌发的影响

对采自双岛湾的鳗草(Zostera marina L.)种子,分别进行了野外盆栽种子萌发试验及室内5℃低温保存时长(30d、60d和90d)和萌发温度(5℃、15℃和25℃)对种子萌发的影响实验。结果表明:鳗草种子在野外经过了夏季高温期和冬季低温期的休眠后于次年2月末水温为4℃时开始萌发,持续至5月,萌发期水温为4~17℃,累积萌发率随春季回暖显著提高,在4—5月达到峰值,5月底累积萌发率达20.6%,实生苗于4—5月快速生长发育,对应水温为6~17℃;5℃低温保存不同时长和不同萌发温度对种子的萌发率的影响都极显著,即低温保存时间越长,种子萌发率越高,且显著缩短了种子的初始萌发时间和萌发高峰时间,保存90d后3个萌发温度下的初始萌发时间均小于3d、萌发高峰时间均小于8d。不同低温保存时长条件下,均以15℃为最适萌发温度。