液力传动循环流量模型研究及其试验

为弥补整车动力传动系统分析中液力元件查表法和模式辨识测试方法的不足,基于能量守恒定律以及能量损失模型建立了液力传动循环流量的静态和动态模型以及对应的液力传动理论,为整车动力学仿真从理论上提供了可行的液力传动子系统。通过试验验证表明,该方法仿真结果与试验数据吻合,假设合理,模型准确。     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

克伦特罗对绵羊肝脏血流量和氮代谢的影响

在4头门静脉、肝静脉、肠系膜静脉和股动脉上安装血管导管的绵羊中研究了克伦特罗（CL,0.8 mg/kgBW,肠系膜静脉给药,每天2次,连续5 d）对其肝脏生长代谢的影响。结果表明:CL对肝脏血流量影响较小。而在CL作用下绵羊血浆中尿素氮水平明显下降,肝静脉和门静脉血液尿素氮流量分别减少16.86％（P<0.01）和15.51％（P<0.05）。肝静脉多肽流量在CL处理期也较对照期下降38.71％（P<0.01）,门静脉处多肽水平处理期则与对照期相当。克伦特罗还增加绵羊肝脏IGF-I的合成和分泌,门静脉和肝静脉中的增加幅度分别为38.84％（P<0.01）和33.18％（P<0.01）。提示CL可通过增强对绵羊肝脏氮的储留及肝脏IGF-I的合成和分泌从而促进机体的生长代谢。     

基于涡度相关法的中国草地生态系统碳通量研究进展

草地生态系统碳循环研究是全球碳循环研究的热点,涡度相关法使草地生态系统碳通量的长期和连续观测成为可能。本研究介绍了以涡度相关法为手段的中国草地生态系统碳通量的研究进展,重点阐述了中国草地生态系统碳通量在不同时间尺度上的变化特征,同时概括了不同的环境因子对草地生态系统碳通量控制机理方面的研究成果,并在此基础上对今后中国草地生态系统碳通量研究提出了建议。     

西藏纳木错高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸主要温室气体通量对比研究

青藏高原高寒草地占我国天然草地的40%,研究其温室气体源汇强度及驱动因子具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在西藏纳木错地区开展高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸的生态系统呼吸、CH₄和N₂O通量观测,生长季内的观测表明：高寒草原和高寒草甸生态系统呼吸分别为（283.7±14.4） mg·m^-2·h^-1和（275.7±20.6） mg·m^-2·h^-1,低于有机质丰富的沼泽化草甸,为（591.6±53.2） mg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原和高寒草甸均是CH₄的汇,其生长季均值分别为（-84.9±7.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1和（-39.2±4.6） μg·m^-2·h^-1;而沼泽化草甸是CH₄的源其均值为（149.2±34.2） μg·m^-2·h^-1。高寒草原、高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸均为N₂O的源,生长季排放量分别为（7.3±2.8）,（3.0±1.1）和（2.2±4.3） μg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤水分总体控制着高寒草地CH₄通量的时空变化,在土壤水分含量约大于30%的沼泽化草甸表现为CH₄的排放源,而在土壤水分含量低于30%的高寒草原和草甸表现为CH₄的汇;生长季水分含量越高,对CH₄的吸收越弱。     

蟹塘生态调控技术对“淤泥-水界面”N,P交换通量的影响

调节pH值、加钙和增氧是常用的蟹塘生态调控技术,为明确其对水质和N,P养分交换的影响,通过实验室模拟并测定了水体N,P含量及"淤泥-水界面"交换通量。结果表明:3种措施对水体N,P均有显著影响,且增氧对水体N,P的调节效应显著强于加钙和调节pH。增氧96 h后水体TN和NO_3^--N含量分别是不增氧处理的1.68和7.43倍,同时增氧削减了水体NH4+-N含量至试验结束,增氧处理NH_4^+-N含量平均降低70%～75%。"淤泥-水界面"N,P交换通量表明,增氧后TN交换通量平均提高2.47～3.74 mg·m^2/h,而对TP交换通量均无显著影响,平均仅为-0.1 mg·m^2/h。     

基于FSAM模型的岳阳地区美洲黑杨人工林通量观测源区分布

基于岳阳市通量观测塔2006年全年观测数据,应用FSAM模型,分析不同大气稳定度下该观测点通量信息的源区分布。结果表明:主风方向上(0°～90°),通量源区(P=0.9)迎风向(X向)上的分布范围在稳定大气条件下为110～3500m,而在非稳定大气条件下为90～1800m;3个非主风方向上(90°～180°,180°～270°和270°～360°)通量源区(P=0.9)迎风向(X向)上的分布范围在稳定大气条件下以180°～270°最大,为110～4500m,而在非稳定大气条件下3者相当,为90～1800m;主风方向上,相同大气条件下,生长季的通量源区略大于非生长季的通量源区,且生长季和非生长季的通量源区在不稳定大气条件下都比稳定大气条件下小;通量观测结果能代表仪器所在地的下垫面特征。     

夏季休牧对高寒矮嵩草草甸温室气体排放的影响

以高寒矮嵩草草甸为研究对象,利用密闭箱－气相色谱法,对夏季休牧8a的围栏草地(休牧草地)和全年放牧的草地(放牧草地)的温室气体排放通量、土壤特性和生物量进行了对比研究。结果表明：与放牧草地相比,休牧草地植被盖度较之高41％,单位面积生物量较之高53％。同时,土壤特性也有较大不同;休牧草地的植被－土壤系统CO₂排放通量比放牧草地低20.7％,测定期间两者CO₂排放通量以每天每公顷排放C的质量计分别为30.7和38.7 kg·(hm²·d)^-1;试验期间高寒矮嵩草草甸植被－土壤系统是大气CH₄的弱汇,休牧后草地土壤对CH₄的吸收能力增强,休牧和放牧草地CH₄的平均吸收强度分别为28.1和21.9 g·(hm²·d)^-1;休牧草地土壤N₂O排放通量比放牧草地低,两者排放通量分别为4.5和7.6 g·(hm²·d)^-1。可见,夏季休牧措施降低了草地对大气中温室气体浓度增加的贡献。     

contact stress and steady thermal analysis of herringbone gears in a gas turbine

To obtain the distribution characteristic of contact stress and the bulk temperature on the surface of herringbone gears, parameter modeling of gears was carried out by parametric design language. A numerical simulation was given to calculate the contact stress field and the steady thermal field by combining heat transfer theory, tribology theory, and mesh theory. The distribution of contact stress, the bulk temperature and heat flux also were analyzed. The analysis results show that the distribution of the load along the contact line possesses regularity. The heat flux along the tooth depth direction decreases first and then increases. The effect of thermal conduction of the tooth is stronger than that of convective heat transfer. The conclusion indicates that the finite element emulation method can be used to estimate the transmission performance of herringbone gears.     

An expression for wind erosion rate from dry and dense soil surface

Wind erosion is a physical process predominated by airborne grains rather than the wind itself. The soil deformation is either elastic–plastic or fully plastic during its collisions with solid grains, corresponding to dense and loose soils, respectively. Only the fully plastic deformation was previously taken into account in the physically-based wind erosion models. The impact erosion of dry and dense soil surface can be well quantified by the contact mechanics and strength theories. In this study, with the help of Owen's uniform saltation model, a simple expression for wind erosion rate is derived based upon the eroded volume per impact when soil deforms in the elastic–plastic manner. The new expression, a simple analytical function of several conventional variables and parameters of wind and soil, describes the effects of saltation flux and soil susceptibility. Its validity is verified by some field and laboratory experiments.