Fate of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157 in soils and drainage water following cattle slurry application at 3 sites in southern Scotland

Abstract. Slurry from farm animals may contaminate water supplies, rivers and bathing waters with faecal coliforms, such as Escherichia coli . Where animals harbour the O157 strain the hazard to human health is particularly high, but both the hazard level, and the low incidence and sporadic nature of the excretion of E. coli O157 make it difficult to study this strain under field conditions. The survival of total E. coli and of E. coli O157 were compared in the laboratory for two soils under controlled temperature and moisture. E. coli O157 die-off rate was the same as or quicker than for total E. coli . This result meant that field experiments studying the fate of total E. coli should give a satisfactory evaluation of the risk of water contamination by the O157 strain. In four field experiments at three sites, slurry containing total E. coli numbers of 2.2 × 10⁴ to 5.7 × 10⁵ colony forming units per mL (c.f.u. mL^–1) was applied to drained field plots. Field die-off was faster than expected from laboratory experiments, especially in one experiment where two weeks dry weather followed application. In all but this experiment, the first drain flow events after slurry application led to very high E. coli concentrations in the drains (10³ to 10⁴ c.f.u. mL^–1). E. coli O157 was present in the slurry used for two of the experiments (33 c.f.u. per 100 mL in each case). However the proportion of E.coli O157 was very low (about 1 in 10⁵) and it was not detected in the drainage water. After the first week E. coli drainage water numbers decreased rapidly but they were 1–10 c.f.u. mL^–1 for much of the sampling period after slurry application (1–3 months).     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

浅析电网谐波问题

文章论述了目前电网谐波来源、影响及处理方式。     

大庆市畜禽粪便处理与利用状况的分析研究

根据大庆市畜牧业现状,分析了畜牧生产所产生的粪、尿数量及畜禽粪便对大庆市环境产生的压力,并对各区县进行了区划分析。分析了大庆市畜禽粪便处理的主要模式,以及利用程度,提出减少畜禽粪便污染的控制措施。     

不同程度镉污染对棉花生长和镉富集特征的影响

[目的]研究不同程度镉污染土壤下棉花生长和镉富集的特征.[方法]采用盆栽模拟方法,添加外源镉,分析棉花种植后土壤pH和镉含量的变化,以及镉胁迫对棉花生长和镉积累量的影响.[结果]棉花根系具有酸化作用,使其根际土壤pH下降,随镉胁迫浓度的增加,酸化受到抑制,土壤有效态镉含量随之显著降低.棉花株高和地上部生物量随镉浓度增加...     

我国农村环境教育的重要性

在我国农村,环境污染所造成的环境质量下降已经对农业经济的发展和人们的身体健康产生了严重的影响。为提高农村环境质量和推进新农村建设,阐述了对领导干部、农民和企业这3个群体的环境教育,提高他们的环境意识,为我国经济持续健康的发展奠定良好基础。     

发展坡地农用林业治理农业面源污染

当前由于水土流失导致的农业面源污染问题越来越严重。针对水源地土壤过度营养、坡地绿化率低、森林质量不高等问题,围绕控制农业面源污染,改善农村环境质量这个中心,提出从改善农业生产条件、加强坡岸植被缓冲带建设等方面入手,注重因地制宜,大力发展坡地林业,培育森林资源,最终控制农业面源污染。可见,发展坡地林业对于减缓农业面源污染具有非常重要的意义。     

岩溶地区岩溶水资源的脆弱性及可持续发展

对西南岩溶地区岩溶水的脆弱性进行了定量分析研究.结果表明,随着养殖业和榨菜加工业的发展,岩溶水环境遭到破坏,水中各项指标都在急剧恶化,特别是龙洞湾点,短短5个月就发生了很大的变化.说明岩溶水是相当敏感和脆弱的,实现其可持续发展非常必要.     

毕节地区农业面源污染现状及防治

根据近年的资源和统计数据,分析了毕节地区主要农业面源污染的原因和现状,并提出了防治措施。     

苏南河网水污染控制系统规划优化研究

以苏南某地二级树状河网为例,在运用S-P水质模型模拟河网水质的基础上,构建了以河网污水处理费用及引水稀释费用之和最小为目标函数的水污染控制最优化模型,采用遗传算法,对各引水口的引水量及河网中各排污口的污水处理率进行优化计算,供苏南地区水系规划与管理参考。