Effects of dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on growth and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on the growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile rockfish. Triplicate groups of fish (body weight of 4.1 g) were fed the experimental diets containing either high levels of carbohydrate (HC, 35%), lipid (HL, 13%), or protein (HP, 55%) at different feeding frequencies (twice daily, once daily, and once every 2 days). Weight gain was affected by feeding frequency but not by dietary composition. Weight gain of fish fed the diets once every 2 days was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of other groups. Daily feed intake and energy intake were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency. Daily feed intake of fish fed the HC diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency and decreased with increasing feeding frequency in the same dietary composition. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the HC diet were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of fish fed the HL diet at the same feeding frequency. Whole-body lipid content of fish fed the HL diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HC and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. These results indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level compared with dietary carbohydrate level may have the advantage of a protein-sparing effect at same feeding frequency, and a once-daily feeding regime is more effective than twice daily or one feeding every 2 days to improve growth performance of juvenile rockfish grown from 4 to 21 g.     

4种海水鱼淋巴囊肿组织的病理特征比较

取山东、河北、浙江等地感染淋巴囊肿病的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、许氏平鮋(Sebastes schlegeli)、鲈鱼(Lateo-labrax japonicus)及纹腹叉鼻(Arothron hispidus),利用光镜和电镜技术及组织化学方法,对患病鱼淋巴囊肿组织的病理特征进行观察比较。结果发现,来自不同地区同一种鱼的淋巴囊肿组织的病理特征无明显差异,不同种鱼的淋巴囊肿细胞具有共同的特征:细胞膨大,细胞核不规则,细胞质内有嗜碱性的、呈Feulgen和Mann氏反应阳性的包涵体,囊肿细胞的细胞膜外有呈PAS反应阳性的均质囊壁,细胞质内病毒颗粒的大小200～220 nm,核周池内有高电子密度物质等。不同种鱼囊肿组织细胞的大小、细胞核的不规则程度、细胞质内包涵体的形态、细胞质内病毒粒子的分布状态,以及囊肿物的外观等有差异。虽然不同种鱼之间存在差异,囊肿组织共同的病理学特征仍可作为疾病诊断的可靠依据。     

低温胁迫对许氏平鲉补偿生长的影响

以体质量(60±10)g、体长(13±2)cm的许氏平(Sebastes schlegeli)为研究对象,在8.5℃水体中低温胁迫1周(T1组)、2周(T2组)、3周(T3组)后在20℃水体中恢复3周,研究其补偿生长。结果表明,低温胁迫后,T1、T2、T3组体质量、生长率均显著低于对照组(C1组,20℃);随低温胁迫时间的延长,鱼体脂肪含量逐渐降低,水分含量则逐渐增加,蛋白含量、能值与对照组差异不显著。经低温胁迫1周后,鱼体溶菌酶、SOD、CAT活力比对照组略有下降,但随胁迫时间的延长,3种酶活力均呈上升趋势。经4周恢复生长后,T1、T2组鱼体各项生化组分及免疫酶活力均恢复至对照组水平,而T3组的鱼体脂肪、水分含量及免疫酶活力与对照组仍有显著差异,T1、T2组实现了完全补偿生长,而T3组只实现了部分补偿生长。从摄食率、食物转化效率的变化曲线可知,经低温胁迫后许氏平的补偿生长效应主要是通过提高食物转化效率实现的。[中国水产科学,2006,13(4):566-572]     

许氏平鮋消化道中部分消化酶的研究

对许氏平 (Sebastesschlegeli)消化道内的 5种与消化吸收有关的酶进行分布和活性测定。结果表明 ,(1)肠道各段均具很高碱性磷酸酶活性 ,最适 pH为 9.7。食道和胃几乎没有碱性磷酸酶活性。 (2 )消化道各部位均含酸性磷酸酶 ,肠道活性最高 ,自幽门盲囊起依次递降。食道和胃酸性磷酸酶活性明显低于肠 ,胃和肠酸性磷酸酶的最适 pH均为 5 .3。 (3)肠道中羧酸酯酶活性明显高于胃 ,且 2者羧酸酯酶最适 pH差别较大 ,分别为 8.4和 6 .8。(4)胃蛋白酶活性明显高于肠道 ,胃蛋白酶最适pH为 2 .6 ,肠蛋白酶最适 pH为 9.4。 (5 )胃淀粉酶活性明显低于肠道 ,胃淀粉酶最适 pH为 4 .6 ,肠道淀粉酶最适pH为 7.0。这表明许氏平对蛋白质的初步消化在胃中进行 ,在肠中进一步消化和吸收 ,而对糖类和脂类的消化和吸收主要在肠道进行     

盐度胁迫对许氏平鲇血液免疫酶活力的影响

研究了急性、慢性盐度胁迫对许氏平鲇体重及血液免疫相关酶活力的影响。慢性盐度胁迫实验表明，在盐度5的水体中，许氏平鲇体重增长率为负值，其余各盐度组（10、20、40）的生长指标与自然海水组（盐度33）差异不显著（P〉0．05）；随海水盐度的降低，许氏平鲇的溶茵酶活力逐渐上升，但当盐度降至5时，其活力与自然海水组无显著性差异；血液中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力随海水盐度降低呈逐渐上升趋势。急性盐度胁迫实验证实，在盐度5、10的急性胁迫初期，许氏平鲇血液的各项免疫酶活力波动较大。溶菌酶活力在胁迫24h时达到峰值，之后逐渐下降；血液SoD活力在96h检测过程中呈高低起伏变化趋势；血液CAT活力在胁迫初期持续降低，12h后逐步稳定在较低水平，显著低于胁迫前血液CAT活力（P〈0．05）。     

环境胁迫对许氏平鲉和花鲈血糖、血沉降的影响

研究了运输、温度和空气暴露胁迫对许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)和花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)血液生化指标的影响。60min长途运输使许氏平鲉和花鲈的血糖含量都有所上升，其中许氏平鲉的血糖含量在运输后24h基本恢复到正常水平，而花鲈的血糖水平在168h后可恢复到稳定状态。季节温度变化是引起春冬两季许氏平鲉血糖水平在经运输胁迫后产生差异的主要原因，春季(4月)经运输胁迫后鱼体血糖含量约为冬季(11月)的1．4倍。在温度梯度实验中，设定不同温度组(10℃、15℃、20℃、23．5℃、26℃)检测许氏平鲉血糖和血沉降的变化，血糖值出现峰值，而血沉降则随温度升高一直表现出上升趋势。在温度梯度实验基础上进行的空气暴露实验中，各胁迫组的血糖含量升高，血沉降轻微降低但整体变化趋势与温度梯度实验结果相似。     

Comparison of oxygen consumption patterns between wild and cultured black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

ABSTRACT:   To compare metabolic activity rhythms between wild and cultured black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli , we measured long-term oxygen consumption rates (OCR) using an automatic intermittent-flow respirometer under constant temperature and darkness. Oxygen consumption rates peaked among wild black rockfish at 12.4 h intervals, which corresponded to a circatidal rhythm. The wild fish were probably exhibiting responses that corresponded to tidal events in their natural environment. However, when captured wild black rockfish were kept under laboratory conditions (12 h light [L] : 12 h dark [D]) for 30 days, the OCR shifted to a circadian rhythm (24.1–24.9 h). The OCR of cultured black rockfish that had been reared in a tank for 9 months peaked at approximately 24 h intervals, corresponding to a circadian rhythm. The results of this study suggest that the differences in OCR patterns between wild and cultured fish were mainly due to differences in the environmental conditions between tidal and non-tidal habitats.     

Long-term evaluation of extruded diets compared with raw fish moist diet for growing Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)

A long‐term experiment was conducted in sea cages to compare three experimental extruded pellet (EP) diets with a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). White fishmeal (WFM), soybean meal (SM) and fishmeal analogue (BAIFA‐M?)‐based experimental EP diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with 50% crude protein (CP) with available energy of 16.7 kJ g^?1 diet. An MP diet made of 80% frozen horse mackerel + 20% commercial binder meal was also included in the experiment. The proportions of the major protein ingredients in three experimental EP diets were as follows: WFM diet, 100% WFM; SM diet, 70% WFM + 30% SM; BAIFA‐M? diet, 70% WFM + 30% BAIFA‐M?. The experiment was divided into three periods according to fish size: period I, initial weight of 20.2 ± 3.6 g (mean ± SD); period II, initial weight of 57.6 ± 4.7 g (mean ± SD); period III, initial weight of 96.3 ± 6.9 g (mean ± SD). There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, thermal‐unit growth coefficient, specific growth rate, haemoglobin, or haematocrit among fish that were fed the four diets during all three periods. However, fish that were fed the MP diet had a lower survival rate than the fish that were fed the other three EP diets for all periods. These results strongly suggest that EP diets could be developed to replace MP diet for the grow‐out stage of production of Korean rockfish without adverse effects on growth performance.     

不同结构模型礁对许氏平鲇幼鱼的诱集效果

用鱼类行为学方法，观测了许氏平蚰Sebastess chlegeli幼鱼在水槽内无模型礁和有模型礁条件下的行为反应，并统计分析了PVC材质的5种结构模型礁对许氏平铀幼鱼的聚集率。结果表明：水槽中无模型礁的条件下，标志区（模型礁设置区）的许氏平蚰聚集率为0，许氏平蚰选择光线较弱区域栖息：放入模型礁的条件下，5种模型礁均对许氏平蚰具有明显的诱集作用，群体重心在礁体周围移动，标志区对鱼的聚集率为56．7％-90％。方差分析结果表明：5种模型礁对许氏平蚰的诱集作用无明显差异，许氏平蚰对不同模型礁均表现出明显的趋集反应。     

投饵量对许氏平鲉幼鱼生长和水环境中污染指标的影响

研究了许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli幼鱼养殖过程中投饵量（30、38、46、54、62、70、86、102、120、140、160、180、200、220、240 mg/d）对鱼体的增重及对水环境中悬浮物、化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH4＋-N）含量的影响。结果表明：幼鱼在生长过程中的最佳投饵量为160 mg/d,当投饵量小于160mg/d时,许氏平鲉的增长速度随投饵量的增加而增加;当投饵量大于160 mg/d时,再增加投饵量也并不能提高幼鱼的增长速度。投饵量对水体中固体悬浮物、COD、氨氮含量的影响与投饵量对幼鱼增重的影响的结果具有高度的一致性,存在投饵过量指示点（SZ）、COD污染指示点（CZ）、氨氮污染指示点（NZ）。当投饵量小于SZ、CZ、NZ时,悬浮物、COD、氨氮含量均随投饵量的增加而缓慢增加;当投饵量大于SZ、CZ、NZ时,悬浮物、COD、氨氮含量迅速增加。养殖水体中COD的自净符合一般水体COD的自净规律。根据试验结果建立了投饵量（T）与悬浮物含量（S）的模型为S=-18.86＋1.082T-0.0069T2＋0.0002T3,投饵量与COD的模型为COD=0.16＋0.977T-0.055T2＋0.00017T3,COD自净模型为C=113.4×exp（-0.68t）。