干热河谷和干性森林水分特征的对比分析

本文研究了川西南山地安宁河流域干热河谷和干性森林的水分收支状况。结果表明:(1)干热河谷和干性森林的年降水量分别为1 067.95 mm和1 371.73 mm,年降水量的90%以上集中在6月～10月的雨季和夏秋季节;(2)干热河谷和干性森林年蒸发量为1 280 mm和1 089.75 mm,春夏蒸发占年蒸发量的65%和66%,旱季蒸发占年蒸发量的58%和61%,4月～6月是蒸发旺季,其次是7月～8月;(3)干热河谷和干性森林年水分盈余量分别为43.6 mm和481.95 mm,均存在季节性水分匮缺期,7月～10月、夏秋季节和雨季均是水分盈余期,其余为水分匮缺期;(4)干热河谷和干性森林年干燥度分别为1.205和0.8,表明该地区分别为半湿润和湿润性气候,还存在明显的季节差异,7月～10月、雨季和夏秋季节气候湿润,其余时期为半湿润或干旱气候;(5)干性森林在年降水量和水分盈余量上高于干热河谷,在年可能蒸发量和干燥度上明显低于干热河谷,这种差异还体现在水分参数的月分配、四季分配、旱雨季分配上;(6)干热河谷湿润程度差于干性森林,干热河谷植被和干性森林对各自水分收支状况具有良好的适应性;(7)封山育林需要注意旱季防火,人工促进还需要考虑土壤水分平衡规律和适地适树,进行"适度"造林。     

Dietary plasticity in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in response to long‐term environmental change

Corrigan LJ, Winfield IJ, Hoelzel AR, Lucas MC. Dietary plasticity in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in response to long‐term environmental change.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 5–13. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract –  In the face of widespread environmental change impacts, there is a need to better understand mechanisms promoting flexibility and resilience of ecosystem components to such change to inform strategies for conservation. Glacial relict species are especially vulnerable to such changes. We investigated the behavioural responses of a native, glacial relict species, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) to long‐term environmental changes. It was hypothesised that changes in feeding behaviour would occur as a key intermediary to reduction in habitat availability (through climate change and eutrophication) or competitive interactions [with introduced roach (Rutilus rutilus)]. Stomach content analysis was used to assess the diet of 199 charr caught from Windermere, United Kingdom, in the months of March, June, September and November 2003–2007. The results were compared to data from 1940 to 1951 prior to the environmental changes and revealed a marked increase in the contribution of benthic invertebrates in the present diet. Stable isotope analysis confirms the results of the stomach analysis, suggesting that the charr have switched their diet from zooplanktivory towards benthivory. We discuss the possibility that habitat modification and roach population expansion in Windermere have contributed to changes in charr diet. Complementary studies suggest that this diet shift is more likely to be a response to the increasing roach population than to habitat modification; however, further study in Windermere would be required to elucidate the exact mechanism. Long‐term data sets such as these provide information that is useful for determining the directivity of ecological change and the capability of species to respond to change.     

Seasonal and photoperiodic regulation of secretion of hormones associated with reproduction in Magang goose ganders

This study examined the reproductive endocrine profile under natural and artificial photoperiods in Magang goose ganders. Group 1 ganders (n=8) served as non-treated controls and were exposed to natural photoperiod throughout the experiment from 13th January to 17th December 2004. Group 2 ganders (n=8) were exposed to 18 h long daily photoperiod for 60 days from 13 January till 15 March 2004 and again to 16 h photoperiod for 75 days till 10th October 2004, and the 11h short photoperiod in the remainder periods of the experiment. In control ganders, plasma LH concentrations were high in normal breeding seasons (August-March) and decreased to low levels in non-breeding season from April to July. Testosterone concentrations changed similarly to that of LH throughout the seasons. Seasonal pattern of PRL concentrations was opposite to those of LH and testosterone, with low values in breeding season and high values in non-breeding season. In artificial photoperiod treated ganders, increasing photoperiod increased PRL and decreased LH and testosterone concentrations, while decreasing photoperiod reversed these changes. There were no seasonal or photoperiod caused changes in plasma T3 concentrations in both control ganders and artificial photoperiod treated ganders. These results demonstrated that in Magang goose ganders that long photoperiod stimulates PRL secretion and decreases LH secretion, which terminates reproductive season in spring and early summer, and short photoperiod stimulates LH secretion and inhibits PRL secretion rendering ganders enter into reproductive season.     

双离合器变速器简介

汽车变速箱发展经历了100多年,从最初采用侧链传动到手动变速箱,及至液力自动变速箱和电控机械式自动变速箱,再到现在无级自动变速箱的普遍使用,在汽车工业技术不断前进的同时,变速箱也向着更平顺、更省油、更富驾驶乐趣的方向不断发展。直至双离合自动变速箱的出现,将汽车带进了一个更加环保低碳的境界。本文通过对大众迈腾双离合器自动变速器的介绍,让人们更加充分地认识双离合器自动变速器的优越性。     

工程车辆并行自适应神经网络自动换挡控制

为了解决工程车辆在重载作业时传动系统效率大幅下降的问题,以工程车辆"两参数"换挡规律为依据,提出一种并行自适应神经网络自动换挡控制的方法。结构上由神经网络控制、自适应神经网络模型、网络评价和运行监控模型组成。仿真结果表明,该控制方法提高了工程车辆液力机械传动系统效率,有效地克服了神经网络控制实时性差,难以在工程实际中应用的问题,实现了换挡控制的智能化。     

肉鸭粪便排放特征的季节性变化

本研究旨在探讨肉鸭粪便的特性,并对其不同季节的污染物排放特征进行评价,为肉鸭养殖场废弃物处理和资源化利用提供依据。分4个季节进行了北京Z型肉鸭饲养试验(饲养期37 d),记录采食量、产粪量,并定期测定饲料和粪便中水分和有机质含量及总氮(TN)、P、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:肉鸭粪便中Zn含量秋季最高, TN、P、Cu含量均为冬季最高;冬季粪便中TN含量极显著高于夏、秋两季(P0.01); P、Cu含量在冬季均极显著高于其余季节(P0.01);粪便中Cu、Zn含量均为春季最低。肉鸭粪便平均含水率为84.61%,夏季最高,春季最低;平均有机质含量为83.38%,表现为冬春秋夏。春夏秋冬四季的粪便产生量分别为338.3g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、275.9 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、317.6 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)和327.0 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1),夏季最低。TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄系数分别为2.13 g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.48g?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、2.56 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1)、21.10 mg?d~(-1)?只~(-1);春冬两季的TN日排泄量显著高于夏秋两季; P的日排泄量表现为冬季极显著高于其余3个季节;夏季Cu的日排泄量与春季差异不显著,极显著低于秋、冬两季(P0.01)。TN在秋季排泄占比最低,春季最高;而P排泄占比为秋季最高,春季最低。肉鸭在饲养期TN、P、Cu、Zn的排泄量与对应元素的摄入量具有极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。研究表明:季节因素能对肉鸭粪便中含水率、有机质、TN、P、Cu和Zn含量产生显著影响,同时各季节各元素的排泄量与相应元素的摄入量显著相关。     

日光温室对土壤动物群落的影响

对山东青州蔬菜种植区内栽培年限分别为1、3、5、7、9年和已废弃1、3年的日光温室及农田中土壤动物进行了为期一年的调查,结果表明,日光温室长期应用有使动物类群数减少、密度降低、多样性指数变小的趋势,温室废弃3年后,土壤动物群落结构可自行调整恢复。     

1956-2012年本溪市区四季变化特征分析

该文根据本溪市国家基本气象站的1956-2012年逐日平均气温的观测资料,采用5d滑动平均气温法,分析了1956-2012年间本溪市区四季开始的平均日期、四季的持续天数。结果表明：1956-2012年间,本溪市区四季开始的平均日期分别为：4月20日、6月30日、8月15日和10月9日,四季开始时间的气候倾向率分别为0、2.6d/10a、1.5d/10a、1.7d/10a;四季持续的平均天数分别为70d、47d、55d、193d,四季持续天数的气候倾向率分别为-1.8d/10a、4d/10a、0.3d/10a和-1.3d/10a。     

星星草地上部6种元素含量季节动态及其分布

研究星星草人工草地地上部N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量的季节动态及其在不同器官和不同株高的分布情况。结果表明,在生育期间,元素含量由大到小的顺序均为K>N>P>Na>Ca>Mg。其中K、N、P、Na和Mg随着生育期的进程含量递减,而Ca在生育后期变化较小。供试元素积累量及积累速率的季节动态与生物量的变化趋势较为一致,即先升后降。在开花期后元素和干物质开始向根部运输。N在穗中最多,P、Ca、Mg在叶中最多,而K和Na则主要分布在茎中。近地面和茎的最上部元素含量相对较少。开花期为星星草最适合的收获期。     

赣南脐橙园蜘蛛优势种的季节动态及与气象因子的相关分析

赣南脐橙园蜘蛛已知13科38种。脐橙树冠层蜘蛛优势种有3种,其中草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)全年以5 - 6月及9 - 10月份的发生数量最大;斑管巢蛛(Clubiona deletrix)在7 - 10月份发生量较大,2 - 3月份的数量明显减少;鳞纹肖蛸(Tetragnatha squamata)在4月和12月份的种群数量较多,而6 - 9月份较少见到。地面层蜘蛛优势种有2种,其中草间钻头蛛的季节消长同样具有两个高峰期,但跨度较少,仅在6月份和10月份出现;拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)种群数量在3月份达到最高峰,在12月份处于低谷。不同季节脐橙树冠层草间钻头蛛和斑管巢蛛的发生数量都与平均气温和日照时数呈显著或极显著正相关,而鳞纹肖蛸的季节发生数量与平均气温间为显著负相关;地面层拟水狼蛛的数量季节变动与相对湿度和降雨量间表现出极显著的正相关性。