采后黄瓜在冷驯化处理过程中的转录组变化

采后黄瓜是冷敏性果菜类蔬菜,在低温贮藏时易发生冷害。前期研究结果表明,冷驯化处理通过诱导采后黄瓜耐冷性,减少冷害发生。为探究冷驯化处理诱导的转录组学变化,以采后黄瓜为试材,分析冷驯化处理期间的转录组变化。与贮藏前（0 h）相比,在冷驯化处理12 h和72 h时,分别鉴定到1 870和3 550个差异表达基因。基因表达验证结果表明,RT-qPCR和转录组结果高度一致,证明转录组测序数据的准确性和可靠性。GO富集分析结果显示,冷驯化处理诱导的差异表达基因主要富集在氧化还原过程、细胞膜组分和转录因子活性3个GO途径中,表明冷驯化处理通过调节细胞膜组分、细胞内氧化还原状态,增强冷藏黄瓜耐冷性。进一步分析发现,104个转录因子基因响应冷驯化低温,差异表达的转录因子主要是ERF、bZIP、WRKY和HSF家族,表明转录因子介导的转录调控在冷驯化诱导的耐冷性中发挥重要作用。研究结果为采后黄瓜诱导耐冷性提供了新见解,有助于加深对冷驯化诱导耐冷性分子机理的认识,为耐冷黄瓜培育提供了重要基因资源。     

沼气发酵微生物低温驯化研究

[目的]研究6℃低温处理对沼气低温发酵微生物菌群产气特性及菌群数量变化的影响。[方法]利用生化培养箱控制温度条件,采用批量发酵、排水集气知MPN计数法,了解6℃条件沼气发酵器中的主要微生物菌群的数量。[结果]结果表明：通过6℃低温驯化,沼气发酵微生物菌群能维持日平均产气量为23．6ml／2500ml发酵液;发酵细菌数量为3×10^8个／ml,纤维素分解菌为9×10^4个／ml;硫酸盐还原菌数量为1．9×10^5个/ml,其种群数量与常温条件相近;产甲烷菌数量为4×10^5个／ml,比常温条件低2个数量级。[结论]发酵体系中,低温主要影响产甲烷菌群。     

Tillage and the environment in sub-tropical Australia—Tradeoffs and challenges

Tillage is defined here in a broad sense, including disturbance of the soil and crop residues, wheel traffic and sowing opportunities. In sub-tropical, semi-arid cropping areas in Australia, tillage systems have evolved from intensively tilled bare fallow systems, with high soil losses, to reduced and no tillage systems. In recent years, the use of controlled traffic has also increased. These conservation tillage systems are successful in reducing water erosion of soil and sediment-bound chemicals. Control of runoff of dissolved nutrients and weakly sorbed chemicals is less certain. Adoption of new practices appears to have been related to practical and economic considerations, and proved to be more profitable after a considerable period of research and development. However there are still challenges. One challenge is to ensure that systems that reduce soil erosion, which may involve greater use of chemicals, do not degrade water quality in streams. Another challenge is to ensure that systems that improve water entry do not increase drainage below the crop root zone, which would increase the risk of salinity. Better understanding of how tillage practices influence soil hydrology, runoff and erosion processes should lead to better tillage systems and enable better management of risks to water quality and soil health. Finally, the need to determine the effectiveness of in-field management practices in achieving stream water quality targets in large, multi-land use catchments will challenge our current knowledge base and the tools available.     

Laboratory and on‐farm evaluation of low‐cost salt mixtures for use during salinity acclimation and the nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The current study evaluates the efficacy of a low‐cost salt mixture (LCSM) to replace expensive reconstituted sea salt (RSS) in the salinity acclimation and nursery phase of Pacific white shrimp under laboratory and farm conditions. LCSM was formulated to yield sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations closely comparable to that of diluted seawater. Laboratory‐based nursery trials were conducted at 2, 6 and 15 g/L salinities, incrementally replacing RSS with LCSM (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) at four replicates per treatment. Thirty postlarvae were reared for 7 days in 24‐L aquaria during the 2 and 6 g/L trials, while the nursery trial for 15 g/L salinity was conducted for 21 days with 400 postlarvae stocked in 150‐L tanks. On‐farm evaluation of LCSM was carried out in two tank‐based systems installed on levees adjacent to shrimp production ponds. RSS was incrementally replaced with LCSM (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and 100 postlarvae stocked into each 800‐L tank. Salinity acclimation was done from 30 g/L to 6 or 1.5 g/L within 2–3 days by pumping water from adjacent shrimp production ponds. Following salinity acclimation, the S4 system maintained flow‐through at 1.5 g/L, while N10 system was maintained static at 6 g/L salinity. At the conclusion, no significant differences were observed for either survival or growth of shrimp postlarvae between RSS and LCSM treatments at all salinities examined. Results reflect the potential use of LCSM to replace RSS, which could be an excellent solution to bring down the cost of production in inland shrimp aquaculture.     

盐度与pH对云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响

为探讨盐度、pH对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育和仔鱼活力的影响,采用单因子实验的方法,在水温22±0．2℃条件下,将受精卵在不同盐度（5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40和45）、不同pH（5．5、6．0、6．5、7．0、7．5、8．0、8．5、9．0和9．5）下孵化,观察比较其孵化率HR、畸形率DR以及对初孵仔鱼活力和仔鱼培育周期的影响。并在上述设定条件下,进行了初孵仔鱼耐受试验,测定其存活率SR及生存活力指数（SAI）。结果表明,云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育的最低和最高临界盐度分别为10和45,最低和最高临界PH分别为6．O和9．5;盐度、PH的适宜范围分别是20～40、6．5～9．0,最适范围分别是30～35、7．5～8．0。仔鱼生存盐度、pH的适宜范围分别是20～35、6．0～9．0,最适范围分别是25～30、7．5～8．0。     

植物淹水胁迫响应的研究进展

在概述植物对淹水胁迫各种适应方式的基础上,重点从质外体障碍的形成和根系的向氧性生长,发酵途径、厌氧多肽、植物激素及低氧锻炼等方面,对近年来植物抗淹水胁迫适应性的研究进展作了简要评述.     

嗜热厌氧杆菌X514的盐度和pH生长范围研究

[目的]研究嗜热厌氧杆菌X514的盐度及pH生长范围。[方法]设置不同Nacl浓度梯度及pH范围,分别将X514在不同盐度及起始pH培养基中培养,测定不同时段下X514的生长情况。[结果]X514的最适生长盐度为0 g/L,最适生长pH范围为pH 7~9。[结论]X514的生长受盐度影响明显,其最适生长pH范围与其他嗜热厌氧菌相似。     

Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

Impact of waterlogging and temperature on autumn growth,hardening and freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense)

Precipitation has generally increased in Norway during the last century, and climate projections indicate a further increase. The growing season has also become longer with higher temperatures, particularly in autumn. Previous studies have shown negative effects of high temperatures and, depending upon temperature conditions, contrasting effects of waterlogging on hardening capacity of timothy. We studied effects of waterlogging on seedlings of timothy (Phleum pratense, cv. Noreng) under three pre-acclimation temperatures: 3°C, 7°C, 12°C, and in autumn natural light in a phytotron at Holt, Tromsø (69°N). After temperature treatments, all plants were cold acclimated at 2°C for three weeks under continued waterlogging treatments. Freezing tolerance was determined by intact plants being frozen in pots at incremental temperature decreases in a programmable freezer. Waterlogging resulted in a higher probability of death after freezing, and a significantly reduced regrowth after three weeks at 18°C, 24 hrs light in a greenhouse. Increasing pre-acclimation temperatures also had a clear negative effect on freezing tolerance, but there was no interaction between temperatures and waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging may have negative implications for hardening of timothy and may contribute to reduced winter survival under the projected increase in autumn temperatures and precipitation.     

热驯预处理对热胁迫下油菜下胚轴一些生理指标变化的影响

[目的]探讨热驯预处理对热胁迫下油菜下胚轴的影响。[方法]以油菜幼苗下胚轴为研究材料,通过测定热驯（37℃）、经热驯再热胁迫（37℃→44℃）和直接热胁迫（44℃）下油菜幼苗下胚轴生长量、抗坏血酸（ASA）、丙二醛（MDA）、相对含水量（RWC）及相对电导率的变化,研究热驯预处理对热胁迫下油菜幼苗下胚轴生理的影响。[结果]随着胁迫温度的升高,油菜下胚轴的生长量降低,下胚轴受损程度增加。经热驯预处理再高温胁迫,油菜下胚轴生长量、抗坏血酸含量和相对含水量明显高于直接高温胁迫的,丙二醛含量、细胞膜受损和膜脂过氧化程度则明显低于后者。[结论]热驯提高了耐热性,使下胚轴的生长得到了一定保护。