Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)体内的药代动力学特征

采用高效液相色谱法研究了3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾体内的药物代谢动力学特征,这3种磺胺类药物包括磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺嘧啶(SD)及磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(SMD)。实验期间,中国对虾的养殖水温为(24.6±2.4)℃,单次口服3种磺胺类药物的剂量均为100 mg/kg。结果显示,3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾体内的血药经时过程均符合一级吸收二室开放模型,SM2的主要药动学参数T1/2β、AUC、Vd、CL、Tmax、Cmax分别为25.812 h、34.066 mg/L·h、94.553 L/kg、2.608 L/h·kg、2 h、1.07 mg/L;SD的主要药动学参数T1/2β、AUC、Vd、CL、Tmax、Cmax分别为46.446 h、45.39 mg/L·h、97.207 L/kg、1.504 L/h·kg、1 h、1.17 mg/L;SMD的主要药动学参数T1/2β、AUC、Vd、CL、Tmax、Cmax分别为66.296 h、65.917 mg/L·h、40.015 L/kg、0.763 L/h·kg、2 h、2.00 mg/L。结果表明,SMD在中国对虾体内分布比SM2、SD更广泛;中国对虾体内SM2的消除相半衰期最短,SD次之,SMD消除相半衰期最长;3种磺胺类药物在中国对虾体内72 h药物吸收量SMD最高,SD次之,SM2最低;且SMD药物清除率最低,SD次之,SM2药物清除率最高,所以口服3种磺胺类药物72 h中国对虾体内SMD残留最多,SD次之,SM2残留最少。SMD在中国对虾体内药效更加持久,故在不考虑使用成本及毒副作用等其他因素的前提下,比较这3种磺胺类药物的药物代谢动力学特征,更加推荐使用SMD。     

黑熊血清蛋白与磺胺对甲氧嘧啶的结合率测定

本文用平衡透析法测定了黑熊血清蛋白与磺胺对甲氧嘧啶（ＳＭＤ）的结合率（ｆｂ）为４１．７７±１１．６６（５．３８～２５．８７）％．数据经Ｗｏｏｌｆ作图法处理、直线回归后，得到结合参数βｐ和Ｋｄｐ分别为：８．８５±１．７８μＭ／ｇ，６４７．２０±２４２．８４μＭ／Ｌ．黑熊的ｆｂ均随药物浓度的增高而降低，高浓度的呈现饱和现象．不同浓度间的ｆｂ差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），不同个体间的ｆｂ差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．     

SMD残留检测的ELISA方法的建立和初步应用

用戊二醛法将SMD与载体蛋白BSA偶联 ,制备合成抗原SMD BSA作免疫原 ,同法合成包被抗原SMD OVA ,免疫健康家兔获得抗血清。分别用双向琼脂扩散试验和ELISA试验对抗血清进行定性定量测定 ,结果表明所获抗血清特异性针对SMD。用所制备的抗血清建立间接竞争ELISA方法。优化了ELISA的工作条件 ,方阵测定确定了包被抗原最佳浓度 (50 μg/mL) ,抗血清最佳稀释度 (1∶1 0 0 ) ,酶标抗体的最适工作稀释度 (1∶50 0 ) ,并建立了ELISA标准工作曲线。工作曲线表明在 1 0～ 2 0 0 0 μg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系。该法检测底限为 63μg/L,低于国际规定残留限量 (1 0 0 μg/kg)和国内规定残留限量 (30 0 μg/kg)的要求。本法同时测定了回收率以及实际样品血清中的SMD的残留含量     

SMD单克隆抗体的制备及测定方法的建立

用戊二醛作为偶联剂 ,将磺胺对甲氧嘧啶 (SMD )与牛血清白蛋白 (BSA )或卵清蛋白 (OVA)偶联形成完全抗原 ,经紫外分光光度计扫描鉴定。以人工抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,取脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞 (SP2 /0 -Ag1 4)融合 ,用间接ELISA联合竞争ELISA法筛选出产生针对SMD抗体的杂交瘤细胞。经克隆 ,得到 3株特异性好的阳性杂交瘤细胞 ,注入小鼠腹腔产生腹水。建立了测定SMD的ELISA法 ,其检测下限小于5ng/mL。     

Identifying physiological traits associated with improved drought resistance in winter wheat

The association of specific target traits for drought resistance (early flowering, high accumulation of stem water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves, presence of awns and high green flag-leaf area persistence) with yield performance under late-season drought was analyzed utilizing two doubled-haploid (DH) populations derived from crosses between Beaver × Soissons and Rialto × Spark in two seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The aim was to quantify associations between target traits and yield responses to drought, and to prioritize traits for drought resistance. Flowering time variation had a neutral effect on the absolute yield loss under drought, suggesting there may be a trade-off between water-saving behaviour in the shorter pre-flowering period with early flowering and a reduced capacity to access water associated with a smaller rooting system. The presence of awns also had a neutral effect on yield loss under drought amongst lines of the Beaver × Soissons population. The potential advantages of awns for increasing water-use efficiency and sensible heat transfer responsible for a cooler canopy appeared to be of less significance under moderate droughts in the UK than under severe droughts in other regions worldwide. The value of large stem soluble carbohydrate reserves for drought environments alone could not be confirmed in the UK environment. Stem WSC was positively associated with grain yield under both irrigation and drought. The genetic trait which showed the clearest correlation with the ability to maintain yield under drought was green flag-leaf area persistence. Averaged across years, the positive phenotypic correlation of this trait with yield under drought amongst DH lines of the Beaver × Soissons population (r = 0.49; p ≤ 0.001) indicated the potential use of this trait as a selection criterion for yield under drought. It is suggested that screens for this trait including marker-assisted selection would have value in future breeding programmes aimed at improving yields in high yielding, rainfed environments, but where drought can also be a problem, such as the UK.     

燃烧室背压对压力涡流喷嘴喷雾特性的影响

采用高速摄影技术、激光测粒仪和PIV测试技术系统试验研究了燃烧室背压对斯特林发动机压力涡流喷嘴喷雾形成过程、贯穿距离增长规律、喷雾锥角、液滴粒径和喷雾流场的影响。结果表明,燃烧室背压的增加使喷雾形状更加致密,贯穿距离的增加变缓,液滴平均速度增加,索特平均直径增加。当燃烧室背压大于1.0~1.5MPa之间的一个临界值时,其对喷雾锥角没有影响,小于此临界值,燃烧室背压的增加会使喷雾锥角急剧降低。     

基于高速摄像技术空气喷嘴雾化特性研究

为提高农药有效利用率,基于2400×1500×1500(mm)透明雾化实验平台选用外混式空气雾化喷嘴,利用激光检测和高速摄相机拍摄,针对雾化液滴在3个自变量:气体压力、液体流量、液体温度工艺条件下,同时引入索太尔平均粒径(SMD)计算公式,展开喷嘴雾化液滴粒径特性影响的研究。并基于ANSYS Fluent17.0软件,仿真模拟喷嘴外雾化粒径。由实验获得了影响最佳工况液体流量15kg/h、气体压力0.20MPa、液体温度30℃。同时获得结论:随着液体温度、气体压力的增大,SMD值逐渐减小,雾化效果逐渐上升,农药利用率逐渐提高。     

酶联免疫吸附法检测磺胺对甲氧嘧啶残留

用戊二醛法将磺胺对甲氧嘧啶 (SMD)与载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)偶联制备合成抗原 SMD- BSA用作免疫原 ,同法合成包被抗原 SMD- OVA(卵清蛋白 ) ,免疫家兔获得抗血清 ,用双向琼脂扩散试验和 EL ISA法对抗血清进行了定性定量测定。结果表明 ,抗血清特异性地针对 SMD,其效价为 1∶ 2 5 6 0。用所制备的抗血清建立了间接竞争EL ISA法。优选的 EL ISA的工作条件 :包被抗原最佳包被质量浓度为 5 0 mg/ L ,抗血清最佳稀释度为 1∶ 10 0 ,酶标抗体的最适工作稀释度为 1∶ 5 0 0。标准工作曲线表明 ,抗血清检测在 10～ 2 0 0 0 μg/ L 范围内呈良好的线性关系 ,超过2 0 0 0μg/ L则线性关系较差 ;该法检测底限为 6 3μg/ L ,低于国际规定残留限量 (10 0μg/ kg)和国内规定残留限量 (30 0μg/ kg)的要求。按建立的 EL ISA法测定了方法的回收率 ,无基础本底的牛奶样品回收率为 94 .7%。按药典剂量给鸡肌肉注射 SMD,连续注射 3d,在第 0～ 7天分别采血 ,按建立的 EL ISA方法测定了血清中的 SMD残留含量