三江平原小叶章枯落物分解及硫素释放动态

利用分解袋法研究了三江平原小叶章湿地枯落物在两个生长季的分解动态和硫素释放规律。结果表明：小叶章枯落物的分解模式为快一慢交替的变化模式。残留率随着时间逐渐降低，分解480d后小叶章典型草甸枯落物的残留率为70．87％，小叶章沼泽化草甸枯落物的残留率为66．28％，其二者相应的分解速率分别为0．0006117d^-1和0．0006745d^-1，二者的质量损失没有显著差异。二者枯落物中硫素的浓度在分解过程中均呈波动变化，并和干物质残留率存在线性关系，硫素释放模式为：淋溶一固持一释放，C：S是决定其释放模式的主要因素，当C：S降至908．59时小叶章典型草甸枯落物中硫素开始迅速释放，而小叶章沼泽化草甸枯落物硫素开始释放的C：S是1451．41。     

海南坡鹿迁地保护现状与建议

迁地保护的海南坡鹿种群可以分为野放、半野放和圈养等3种主要类型。野放种群个体数量最多，约占迁地保护种群个体总数的55．3％；其次为半野放种群，其个体数量占35．6％；圈养种群个体数量最少，只占9．1％。半野放是一种较为稳妥的坡鹿种群恢复方式。在海南坡鹿的迁地保护中，应该增加半野放种群个体数量。本文就海南坡鹿的迁地保护提出了7点保护管理及科学研究建议。     

Reconstructing 100-150 years of logging history in coastal spruce forest (Picea abies) with special conservation values in central Norway

Coastal spruce forests of central Norway harbour a unique assemblage of epiphytic lichens and are given high priority with respect to conservation of biodiversity. To assess the historical impact of logging during the last 100-150 yrs, 31 remnant stands were studied by means of tree-ring analysis of 2199 trees and the decay stage of 1605 stumps. No stands had been clear-cut, but all had been selectively logged at least twice during the last 150 yrs. Total harvested timber volume ranged from 65 to 409 m³ha-¹ (31-124% of present-day standing volume) and the selective logging kept standing volume low (40-200 m³ha-¹) during 1890-1930. Present-day stand characteristics were strongly correlated with site productivity and topographic position within the ravine valleys. Low amounts of dead wood at sites with high historical logging activity was the only consistent relationship found after covariance of site productivity, topographic position and deciduous trees were taken into account. The results indicate that old-growth stand characteristics, such as reversed J-shaped age distributions and dead wood in advanced decay classes, can be obtained 100-150 yrs after intensive selective logging.     

Survival of Atlantic salmon captured in and released from a commercial trap-net: Potential for selective harvesting of stocked salmon

The major wild Atlantic salmon stocks in the Baltic Sea began to recover in the late 1990s. This recovery has been partly due to strict regulations in the Gulf of Bothnia that effectively prevent salmon fisheries during the peak migration. About half of the migrating salmon, however, are reared fish that could be harvested. We simulated a limited trap-net fishery that selectively harvested reared salmon and released wild fish, and studied the survival and migration of the released salmon. We tagged and released 1970 salmon caught in the trap-nets along the coast in 2001 and 2002. The mean maximum capture and release induced mortality of salmon was 11%, ranging between 4% and 21% in different release groups by year, sea age and number of releases. The cumulative mortality for the total salmon population on their spawning migration in the Gulf of Bothnia was below 5%, and it would not increase considerably after the first capture and release events, provided fishing effort is not excessive and fish are handled properly. Survival of trap-net captured and released Baltic salmon appears high and their migration behavior is not altered due to this handling. Several preconditions, however, should be considered before selective fishing is introduced in the Gulf of Bothnia salmon fishery.     

利用蜘蛛防治稻飞虱的技术及防效研究

为测定应用人工饲养的蜘蛛防治稻飞虱的防治效果及实施该技术的可行性,项目组连续3 a人工饲养并释放蜘蛛,测定了蛛虱比、稻株的被害情况等指标,结果表明,以5 m2为单位,放蛛50、80、150三个不同密度的粽管巢蛛,10 d后防效均可达到84%以上,效果显著。     

Ecological features and ranging patterns at a chimpanzee release site on Rubondo Island, Tanzania

This study examines the behavioral ecology of a chimpanzee population on Rubondo Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania, over 40 years after chimpanzees were first introduced to the island from captivity. Despite little pre-release habitat assessment, rehabilitation, or post-release monitoring, these chimpanzees are one of the only released populations to survive over decades without provisioning. We surveyed habitat structure and plant composition to gain insights into ecological features that have supported this self-sufficient chimpanzee population for over 40 years. We also examined possible ecological sources of chimpanzee ranging patterns on the island. We surveyed woody plant composition, and quantified densities of species producing large fleshy fruits and confirmed chimpanzee fruit foods across three chimpanzee ranging areas, each separated by several kilometers. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination to compare community-level patterns of plant composition across regions. The densities of trees and lianas producing fleshy fruits were high in comparison with similar measures at endemic chimpanzee study sites. There were major differences in the composition of tree species, including species of chimpanzee fruit foods, across the three regions. In contrast, liana species composition was similar across regions, and was characterized by a few super-abundant species, including one chimpanzee fallback food. The wide-ranging patterns of chimpanzees do not appear to be influenced by localized tree fruiting patterns, but may be facilitated by the wide-spread distribution of an important fallback food. In comparison with other endemic and release sites, the relatively low ecological population density of chimpanzees, the high density of both trees and lianas producing large fleshy fruits and the presence of a high-quality, widely-distributed fallback food are factors that likely contributed to the success of Rubondo chimpanzees in reverting to natural foraging behaviors after their release.     

湖南旱地土壤对铵离子的矿物固定与固定态铵释放的动力学研究

采用振荡平衡法和好气培养-间歇淋洗法研究了湖南省主要旱地土壤对添加铵离子的矿物学固定和土壤固定态铵释放的动力学特性。结果表明,供试土壤对添加铵离子的矿物固定速度很快,反应12小时后基本上达到了最大固定量;而土壤固定态铵的释放则非常缓慢,反应42天后仍未达到最大释放量。这一动力学特征有利于土壤对溶液中NH4+的保持,防止NH4+的环境污染,有效地为作物供氮和提高氮肥利用率。一级动力学方程能较好地拟合供试土壤对铵离子的矿物学固定的动力学资料,一级动力学方程和抛物扩散率方程均能较好地拟合供试土壤固定态铵释放的动力学资料,表现为相关系数r值较高,标准误SE值较低。     

亚热带花岗岩地区土壤矿物风化过程中盐基离子的释放特征

矿物风化过程中盐基离子释放遵从一定的化学计量关系,这种化学计量关系一般只能通过模拟实验来获取。本研究采用pH 7.0的EDTA-乙酸铵溶液将土壤中的交换性盐基离子完全洗脱出来,然后用Batch方法模拟不同pH溶液淋溶洗脱盐基和未洗脱盐基土壤,旨在消除土壤中交换性盐基离子的影响后更为准确地判断土壤矿物风化的盐基离子释放特征。结果表明:未洗脱盐基土壤的淋出液pH由3.73±0.14逐渐上升到4.23±0.06,主要原因是淋溶液中有高浓度的NH_4~+;洗脱盐基土壤矿物风化后淋出液pH从7.39±0.02逐渐下降到5.39±0.17,主要是由于土壤中可风化矿物减少。土壤交换性盐基离子会改变盐基离子释放特征、释放总量:未洗脱盐基土壤经酸雨淋溶后,各盐基离子释放均呈现急速下降后逐渐平缓的趋势,洗脱盐基土壤矿物风化后,K~+及盐基离子释放总量呈波动上升趋势,且盐基离子释放总量比未洗脱盐基土壤低。土壤交换性盐基离子的存在还会改变淋出液中的盐基离子化学计量关系:未洗脱盐基土壤的K~+︰Ca~(2+)︰Mg~(2+)︰Na+化学计量关系为11︰13︰4︰1(当量比),而洗脱盐基土壤为7︰2︰2︰1。K~+是盐基离子中风化释放量最多的,大部分K~+来自于土壤中云母的风化。因此,只有利用洗脱盐基土壤的盐基离子释放量才能准确计算矿物风化速率并获得准确的化学计量关系。土壤矿物风化作用随着淋溶液酸度增大而增强,但模拟一年降雨量的情况下,p H 3.5、4.5和5.5三种不同p H溶液对矿物风化后盐基离子的释放在实验期间没有显著性影响,较长时间后的差异性有待观察。本研究表明,可以通过预洗脱盐基土壤然后模拟酸雨淋溶的方法,观察矿物风化特征,特别是盐基离子释放的化学计量特征。     

低分子量有机酸对不同合成磷源的释磷效应

采用化学浸提方法,研究了5种低分子量有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸)对不同合成磷源的释磷效应。结果表明:供试有机酸(低浓度乙酸除外)均能促进不同合成磷源(DCP、OCP、FA、Fe-P、A l-P)中磷素的释放;其释磷效果与有机酸的种类和浓度有关,强弱顺序依次为柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸,有机酸浓度越高其释磷效果越好;有机酸与氟磷灰石(FA)反应后,溶液pH值升高。低浓度条件下pH值变化较大,而高浓度条件下pH值变化较小。     

磷在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的循环

沉积物中部分固定的磷可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中;再生的磷可能释放到上覆水体中,或在沉积物中作为一种自生相而再沉淀,或被沉积物的其它组分所吸附。本文描述了磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移过程,并对影响磷循环的因子及其磷自沉积物释放的机制作一简要概述。