不同天然草地开垦年限下土壤特性对CH4吸收的影响

通过培养实验,称取过2mm筛的风干土样50g于300mL的培养瓶中,调节含水量至25%(W/W)后密封,在(25±1)℃条件下恒温培养一周,探讨内蒙古锡盟太仆寺旗典型草原天然草地转变为农田后,在相同的水分温度条件下,不同开垦年限(5、10、50年)农田的土壤特性对CH₄吸收的影响。结果表明:天然草地转变为农田后降低了土壤吸收CH₄的能力,开垦年限对CH₄吸收有显著影响(F=20.998,P<0.001),CH₄的吸收量随开垦年限的增加而逐渐降低,4个样地土壤CH₄的吸收量按大小顺序为:天然草地>开垦5年的农田>开垦10年的农田>开垦50年的农田,以天然草地为对照,开垦5年、10年、50年后农田土壤CH₄的吸收量分别降低了17.1%、44.1%、50.1%;CH₄的累积吸收量随土壤有机碳、全氮含量和微生物生物量碳、氮的降低而降低,单因子相关分析表明,土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、土壤微生物量碳、氮是影响土壤CH₄吸收的主要因子。     

草地生态系统碳循环及其影响因素研究进展

近年来,全球变化背景下草地生态系统的碳循环及其影响因素已经成为生态学、地学、植物学和农学的研究热点之一。本文介绍了草地碳循环的过程,探讨了碳素在大气、草地植被、草食动物和土壤中的周转途径,重点分析了气候因素、土壤因素、CO₂浓度升高及人为因素对碳循环过程的影响,以期加深草地生态系统碳循环及其影响因素的理解,并提出了草地生态系统碳循环研究尚需解决的主要问题和研究前景。     

排矸区沙棘复垦及沙棘果深加工的研究

从4个方面分别对鹤岗矿区矸石排放区栽植沙棘的技术、利用价值、深加工技术流程及其生态效益和社会效益做了介绍.     

Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on Matricaria chamomilla,L. Growth

Abstract

Growth response of Matricaria chamomilla, L. was investigated on a range of soil salinity and sodicity levels using fine and coarse‐textured soil types. Twenty treatments including 4 levels of salinity and 4 levels of sodicity on each soil type were examined in addition to control. On the coarse‐textured soils, chamomile responded best under relatively low saline and sodic conditions. Plant growth decreased with increase in salinity and sodicity. On the fine‐textured soils, plants endured saline conditions up to 13 ECe and grew better under sodic conditions. The best growth of plants was achieved on fine‐textured soils with sodicity level of 31.8 Esp.     

The Nutritive Value and Yield of Alfalfa Cultivated on Sulphur Postmining Lands

The study was carried out on the reclaimed lands of a bore-hole sulphur mine. The cropping of two succeeding cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was determined and its chemical composition was analyzed. Alfalfa was cultivated on waste lime (flotation tailings), enriched with a humus layer. The levels of basic nutrients, total S, total F, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Mn were determined in alfalfa. The biomass of an average crop was 6830 kg  ha^–1 in the first cut and 14300 kg  ha^–1 in the second one. The yields of dry matter as well as of crude and true proteins were positively correlated with the phosphorus level in the dry matter of alfalfa (P < 0.01). The level of total sulphur was positively linearly correlated with the phosphorus content (P < 0.01). No harmful accumulation of sulphur or fluoride was observed. A deficiency of phosphorus in alfalfa and an abnormal Ca:P weight ratio was found. The S total level was positively correlated with N total concentration. (P < 0.01). The percentage of true protein in crude protein was negatively correlated with total sulphur (P < 0.01). The level of nonprotein nitrogen compounds was positively correlated with S total level (P < 0.01).     

考虑空气影响的干旱区土壤水分运移模式研究

在前人研究的基础上,根据石河子垦区的实际情况,确定模型特定的边界条件及参数,建立适合该区的包气带-饱和带水、气二相流的质热传输模型,模拟土壤水分、温度的动态变化,并利用实测土壤温度、土壤含水率数据进行模型检验。结果表明:模拟的土壤温度和含水率能够较好地反映实测值的变化规律,各土层模拟精度评价指标表明考虑空气影响的模拟结果更接近实测结果。对于9.7 mm日降水量的入渗深度,耦合模型可影响20 cm深土壤含水率,单相模型可影响到30 cm深左右。降水当日考虑空气模拟的蒸发速率比不考虑空气模拟的蒸发速率大7.7%;降水后1 d,不考虑空气影响导致蒸发速率比考虑空气的小3.19%。计算模拟期2种模型土壤总蒸发量,相差不大。根据2种模型水量平衡分析结果对比蒸发量的计算值与模拟值,发现考虑空气影响的模型模拟结果更可靠。     

Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pseudostrobus</Emphasis> Lindl. to fertile growing medium and tephra-layer depth under greenhouse conditions

Major disturbances that remove vegetation cover create conditions that differ greatly from those in adjacent forests. In volcanic areas, tephra deposition can be a major disturbance that eliminates vegetation cover and creates a barrier for plant establishment. The eruption of the Paricutín volcano, in Michoacán, México, from 1943 to 1952, created large tephra deposits adjacent to forest stands. Many of these deposits still lack native vegetation and understanding of the limiting factors for establishment of native tree species is necessary to restore these areas. Pinus pseudostrobus early growth in response to the amount of fertile growing medium on top of a variable-depth tephra layer was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Increasing amounts of fertile growing medium increased height of 28-week-old plants (no growing medium = 5.5 cm tall ±1.8 cm, 3 cm of growing medium = 21.2 ± 4.6 cm and 6 cm of growing medium 24.8 ± 4.4 cm). Other variables showed the same trend (diameter, number of fascicles, belowground biomass and aboveground biomass). Our results suggest that P. pseudostrobus establishment in tephra covered areas will depend on the accumulation of a fertile layer of more than 3 cm in thickness.     

Visits to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from South Asia and the Middle East, 1946–1990: An indicator of changing international programs and politics

International study programs have contributed to the diffusion of modern irrigation technologies, approaches, and problems. But the patterns and processes of international travel have received little attention to date. This paper examines foreign visits to the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) from South Asia and the Middle East from 1946 to 1990. Using data from the Foreign Activities Branch of the USBR, we compare the participation rates from 16 countries in South Asia and the Middle East. India, Turkey, and Egypt had the highest rates of participation, followed by Pakistan, Iran, and Israel. The frequency of visits is influenced by political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors. But the most important factors appear to be foreign relations and geopolitics. Given the problems faced by national irrigation bureaucracies around the world, there is a need to focus more directly on political factors than in the past.     

滴灌条件下西北干旱区农田生物排盐研究进展与展望

20世纪末以来,膜下滴灌技术在我国西北干旱区得到了大规模的推广和应用,极大推动了绿洲农业的发展。然而,滴灌带入盐分无法排出导致的农田土壤积盐问题,使得干旱区绿洲农业的可持续发展面临巨大挑战。如何在水资源短缺的情况下防治农田次生盐渍化和利用西北干旱区广泛分布的盐碱地资源,是我国干旱区农业可持续发展中迫切需要解决的问题。本文结合西北干旱区膜下滴灌农田水盐运移的特点,主要从盐生植物耐盐机制及其生长发育对盐分的响应、盐生植物排盐与盐碱土改良的互馈效应以及种植盐生植物对土壤水盐动态的影响等方面对生物排盐的研究进展进行了比较系统的梳理,同时指出了目前西北干旱区在农田生物排盐研究方面存在的不足,并对今后需要开展的研究工作进行了展望,以期为旱区农业制定合理高效的综合排盐制度提供决策依据,对于实现农田盐分平衡、缓解土壤次生盐渍化危机和土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。     

基于粒子群复形法优化复垦土地结构

针对我国人多地少、土地破坏的严重性，特别在矿区，破坏更为严重，及时恢复被破坏土地的使用价值对保持经济的持续发展是很必要的。在资金有限的情况下，如何合理地规划复垦土地的结构，一方面使土地复垦得以顺利地进行，另一方面又使经济效益达到最大化，是管理者所面临的问题。通过数学建模，这是一个带有约束条件的优化问题，针对这一问题，本文通过惩罚函数法把它化为无约束的优化问题，最后提出用粒子群算法改进的复形法进行求解。实例分析表明算法的有效性与简洁性，为复垦土地的结构优化提供一条有效的解决途径，增加规划的科学性、现实性和可操作性。