理化复合参数和神经网络结合的冬小麦长势遥感监测

准确、及时地监测区域作物长势状况对农业规划和政策的制定与调整具有重要的意义。遥感技术作为一种收集大面积作物长势信息的有效手段,正日益受到关注。为提高冬小麦长势遥感监测的准确性和全面性,该研究基于田间实测的冬小麦拔节期地上鲜生物量（aboveground fresh biomass,AFB）、叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）、叶片叶绿素相对含量（soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD）和叶片氮含量（leaf nitrogen content,LNC）4种生长相关理化参数,利用熵值法获取各参数权重构建冬小麦理化复合参数（physico-chemical composite parameter,PCCP）。利用显著性检验和籽粒产量数据分析复合参数在量化冬小麦长势方面的性能。然后,以Sentinel-2A作为数据源,分析不同遥感指数与LAI、SPAD、AFB、LNC和PCCP的相关性。选取相关性较高的遥感指数作为反向传播（back propagation,BP）人工神经网络（artificial neural networks,ANN）的输入,建立冬小麦长势遥感监测模型,对PCCP进行估计。评价模型精度并用于监测研究区冬小麦长势分布特征。赋权结果表明,作物物理参数的权重大于生化参数,其中LAI的权重最大,为0.387,AFB和SPAD次之,LNC的权重最小,为0.105;PCCP性能评估结果表明,与单一理化参数相比,PCCP值能更好地揭示作物长势状况的差异,其与最终籽粒产量的相关性更好, 决定系数提高0.035～0.468,均方根误差减少46.2～520.0 kg/hm²;在遥感监测过程中,PCCP比单一理化参数有更好的应用潜力,BP-ANN长势遥感监测模型模拟PCCP精度较高,在测试集中决定系数为0.830,均方根误差为0.080;研究区冬小麦总体长势稳定且分布集中,呈现"中部差,南北好"的空间分布特征。因此,构建作物理化复合参数用于量化作物长势是提高长势监测可靠性和准确性的一种有效方式,可为冬小麦田间管理提供科学依据,服务于发展智慧农业和建设农业强国的战略需求。     

桃的电特性及新鲜度识别

为了解采后果品电特性变化机理,并探索基于电特性识别果品品质的方法,研究了桃采后电特性和生理特性的变化。结果表明,随着桃新鲜度下降,相对介电常数呈余弦规律变化,损耗角正切逐渐减小,呼吸高峰时相对介电常数最大。分析了电特性变化的原因,进而建立了采后桃电特性与生理特性之间的关系模型。以相对介电常数和损耗角正切为输入特征参数,应用BP神经网络技术识别桃的新鲜度等级,平均识别率为82％。     

草莓对干旱胁迫生理及分子响应研究进展

干旱胁迫不仅会引起草莓大面积减产,还会直接影响果实的品质,已成为我国栽培品种草莓减产的主要非生物因子之一。本文主要综述干旱胁迫对草莓产量和品质、生理生化特性及部分基因表达的影响;此外,详细介绍了国内外在提高草莓干旱耐受性方面取得的研究进展和成果,以期为研究草莓耐旱机制和选育耐旱性优良的草莓新品种提供一定的参考依据和理论支持。     

甘蓝型油菜含油量的遗传研究

采用7×7双列杂交设计,研究了甘蓝型油菜含油量的基因作用和其它遗传参数,以及含油量与其它农艺性状、品质性状的关系。结果表明:含油量的遗传符合加性—显性遗传模型,有关基因在亲本中呈独立分布;显性指向增效,表现超显性作用;亲本中显性基因比隐性基因多,增效基因比减效基因的频率大;控制含油量并表现显性的基因约为4组;含油量的广义和狭义遗传力分别为81.16％和30.90％。单相关和逐步回归分析一致表明,单株产量、每角粒数、主花序长度和株高对含油量有较强正向作用,但角果长度和全株总角果数的作用为负。本文还讨论了基因作用分析在探讨配合力的基因效应成分和杂种优势产生的可能原因中的意义,及其在选择中的应用。     

茶叶揉捻机棱骨安装的优化参数

用二元回归正交设计的试验方法加工三级杀青叶,建立了揉捻机的揉捻叶质量与揉捻机棱骨的安装根数及安装角度之间的数学模型。根据优化理论,求得棱骨的最佳安装根数为１２根,最佳安装角度为４２°。经验证,证明基本正确。     

Hematological differences between stingrays at tourist and non-visited sites suggest physiological costs of wildlife tourism

Wildlife tourism alters the environmental conditions in which the focal animal lives, and it is therefore necessary to assess the ability of the animal to adjust to and persist in these novel conditions if the industry is to be sustainable. Here, we report on the physiological responses of southern stingrays (Dasyatis americana) which are the focus of intense marine provisioning-tourism in the Cayman Islands. Using stingrays from non-tourist sites about Grand Cayman as a basis for comparison, we show in this natural experiment that tourist-exposed stingrays exhibit hematological changes indicative of physiological costs of wildlife tourism. The novel conditions with which the stingrays must interact include non-natural food, higher injury rates (from boats, conspecifics and predators), and higher parasite loads (from crowding conditions). As a result of this year-round environment, stingrays display sub-optimal health: lower hematocrit, total serum protein concentrations, and oxidative stress (i.e., lower total antioxidant capacity combined with higher total oxidative status). Moreover, they show evidence of attenuation of the defense system: for tourist stingrays only, animals possessing both injuries and high parasite loads also exhibit lowest leukocrit, serum proteins and antioxidant potential, as well as differing proportions of differential leukocytes indicative of suppression (lymphocytes and heterophils) and down-regulation (eosinophils), thus suggesting that the physiological changes of tourist stingrays are in partial response to these stressors. While survival- and reproduction- quantification was not possible in this long-lived marine species, the physiological measures -situated within ecological context, indicate that the long-term health and survival of tourist stingrays have a significant probability of being affected. Consequently, management of the tourism attraction is essential. The indicators chosen in this study reflect general health indices and defense capabilities used across taxa, and represent a tradeoff between ease of collection/analysis and interpretation so that managers can continue the research for monitoring purposes.     

秸秆膨化机度电产量的生产参数优化及影响因素分析

本文对影响秸秆膨化机度电产量的主要生产参数—秸秆含水率(X1)、秸秆粒度(X2)和螺杆转速(X3)进行了研究,揭示了度电产量与这些参数之间的内在规律,创建了秸秆度电产量与三个参数之间的数学模型,进行了生产参数优化,并就生产参数对度电产量的影响进行了分析。     

郁金散加减方对长白猪传染性胃肠炎治疗效果的研究

为了研究郁金散加减方对长白猪传染性胃肠炎的治疗效果,从张家口顺德猪场选取患有传染性胃肠炎的成年长白猪20头,随机分为郁金散加减方低剂量组、郁金散加减方高剂量组、西药组和对照组,每组各5头。郁金散加减方组每天灌服郁金散方剂,早晚各1次,低、高剂量组分别按6、7mL/kg体重给药;西药组每天灌服金刚乙胺,颈部皮下注射氟苯尼考,早晚各1次;对照组正常饲喂,不给药。7d后观察临床症状和生长性能,测定血常规、血清生化指标、血清免疫指标及抗氧化指标。结果表明:郁金散加减方组和西药组病猪反应灵敏,体温正常,进食量增加,粪便恢复正常。低、高剂量组和西药组治愈率分别为80%、90%和60%,郁金散加减方的治疗效果优于西药治疗。与对照组相比,高剂量组能极显著提高猪平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)(P<0.01),极显著降低料重比(P<0.01);3个给药组均能极显著降低血尿素氮(BUN)、丙二醛(MDA)和白细胞数量(WBC)(P<0.01),极显著提高血清钾(K)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.01),但3组间差异不显著(P>0.05);高剂量组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著高于低剂量组、西药组和对照组(P<0.01)。表明郁金散加减方对长白猪传染性胃肠炎有较好的治疗效果,其中郁金散加减方高剂量组效果更好。     

低温胁迫对草地早熟禾抗性生理生化指标的影响

研究低温胁迫对草地早熟禾生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,在5℃下,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性随着胁迫时间的延长而增加,当4h时出现最大值,之后活性逐渐下降。当温度为0℃与-6℃时,两种酶的活性随着胁迫时间的延长而急剧下降,接近于零,温度越低,下降越快。叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量随着肋迫时间的延长而下降,温度越低下降越快。5℃对脯氨酸含量无明显影响,在0℃与-6℃时,随着时间的延长,含量则明显增加。5℃和0℃低温胁迫对质膜相对透性无明显影响,-6℃时,质膜相对透性明显增大。供试指标对低温胁迫敏感性的顺序是:超氧化物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶>类胡萝卜素>脯氨酸>叶绿素>质膜相对透性。     

Genetic evaluation of laying performance in the Zatorska goose: contribution to the conservation programme

1. The aim of the study was to estimate the heritability of the laying performance in the cumulative and partial production of eggs and predict the breeding values of native Zatorska geese in a conservation programme using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) methodology. Second, the trajectory of the egg production curve was examined.

2. The data contain information about the laying performance of 1831 individuals in the first year of laying. To describe the trajectory of the laying performance, 10 mathematical models were tested. For the genetic parameter estimation of egg production, data from 1038 birds were used with a production higher than 20 eggs during the first season of laying.

3. The analysis of egg production was based on single and multi-trait models. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations between phases of the laying performance as well as breeding values were estimated.

4. The best adaptation to the goose egg laying curve was the Ali and Schaeffer model. The estimates of heritability were 0.20 (0.06 SE) using the single-trait model and ranged from 0.12 to 0.24 using the multi-trait model.

5. The results suggest that the BLUP method can support the conservation programme.