循环水养殖大口黑鲈摄食颗粒饲料的声学特征

为突破智能投饲系统的技术瓶颈,近年来采用被动声学技术开展鱼虾摄食行为研究成为热点之一。该研究主要采用被动声学技术获取单体大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）摄食声信号,从混合信号中提取完善的摄食信号,筛选可作为衡量大口黑鲈摄食活跃度的声学特征参数,以期对摄食活跃度进行量化。根据大口黑鲈喂食期间的同步音频与视频记录,确定信号类别并进行标记,主要提取每次吞食饲料的时域与频域特征,对比各参数与吞食次序之间的相关度。研究结果表明,摄食声信号能量主要集中于4.2～7.4 kHz,且大口黑鲈吞食间隔与吞食次序呈正相关,稳定性较强;而时域特征中的波形振幅极差与频域特征的功率积分值均与吞食次序呈负相关。吞食间隔、振幅极差及功率积分值均可以作为衡量摄食活跃度的量化指标,而共振峰与平均梅尔倒谱系数可作为摄食声识别参数,研究结果可为今后养殖鱼类被动声学智能投饲系统研发提供理论基础。     

Turbidity‐induced changes in emergent effects of multiple predators with different foraging strategies

Abstract – In natural systems, prey frequently interact with multiple predators and the outcome often cannot be predicted by summing the effects of individual predator species. Multiple predator interactions can create emergent effects for prey, but how those change across environmental gradients is poorly understood. Turbidity is an environmental factor in aquatic systems that may influence multiple predator effects on prey. Interactions between a cruising predator (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) and an ambush predator (muskellunge Esox masquinongy) and their combination foraging on a shared prey (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) were examined across a turbidity gradient. Turbidity modified multiple predator effects on prey. In clear water, combined predators consumed in total more prey than expected from individual predator treatments, suggesting risk enhancement for prey. In moderately turbid water, the predators consumed fewer prey together than expected, suggesting a risk reduction for prey. At high turbidity, there were no apparent emergent effects; however, the cruising predator consumed more prey than the ambush predator, suggesting an advantage for this predator. Understanding multiple predator traits across a gradient of turbidity increases our understanding of how complex natural systems function.     

加州鲈迟缓爱德华氏菌病的检测和防治

以江苏省吴江市八坼镇区域养殖场加州鲈鱼病鱼的细菌性病原体为研究对象。通过分离纯化,形态学观察,结合16S rRNA基因序列同源性检索,对该病原菌进行初步判断。同时进行药敏实验,了解该病原菌对各种抗生素的耐药性和敏感程度。研究结果:分离纯化得到2株纯菌株L2F和L2P2,革兰染色均呈红色,阴性杆状菌。16S rDNA序列分析,L2F和L2P2菌株与迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)的同源性达99%。初步判断该菌为迟缓爱德华氏菌。药敏实验结果,该菌对磺胺异恶唑、链霉素和利福平等药物不敏感或耐药,对左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、强力霉素、氟苯尼考、头孢哌酮相对敏感。     

生物发酵对大口黑鲈的脱腥效果研究

采用植物乳杆菌、酵母菌及复配适度发酵大口黑鲈,研究改善其风味的效果。利用感官分析、电子鼻和新型固相萃取整体捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用技术 （MMSE-GC-MS） 检测不同微生物发酵处理后鲈鱼的挥发性风味成分,分析其脱腥前后风味物质的变化。感官和电子鼻分析结果显示处理组与对照组间气味差异明显。GC-MS结果表明,鲈鱼经生物发酵后,辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、1-戊烯-3-醇和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮等腥味物质经微生物转化利用,呈现不同程度的减少,显示出脱腥效果。其中,植物乳杆菌处理组产生了2,3-戊二酮、香叶基丙酮等具有奶油香、花香等愉悦气味的物质,风味更协调,脱腥增香效果明显。     

Physiological responses of largemouth bass to acute temperature and oxygen stressors

Abstract Temperature and oxygen gradients exist in nearly every water body, but anthropogenic activities can subject fish to rapid changes in these important environmental variables. These rapid changes in temperature and oxygen (generally referred to as temperature or oxygen shock) may have sub‐lethal consequences depending upon the magnitude and the fish species. This study quantified physiological changes in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), exposed to two levels of heat and cold shocks and to two levels of hypoxic and hyperoxic shocks. Following a cold shock from 20 °C to 8 °C, plasma cortisol and glucose increased after 1 h and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased after 6 h. Plasma glucose and K⁺ concentrations increased 1 h after a heat shock from 20 °C to 32 °C but not after 6 h. Bass subjected to a hypoxic shock from 8 to 2 mg O₂ L^?1 showed decreased plasma K⁺ and increased plasma glucose and white muscle lactate. No changes in physiological parameters were observed in bass subjected up to 18 mg O₂ L^?1 hyperoxia. Results from this study suggest that largemouth bass can tolerate a wide range of temperature and oxygen shocks, but temperature decreases of 20 to 8 °C and hypoxia as low as 4 mg O₂ L^?1 should be avoided to minimise physiological perturbations.     

响应面法优化鲈鱼鱼松加工工艺

为丰富淡水鱼精深加工品种,以大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)为原料,制备一种鱼松。通过单因素优化腌制时间、汽烹时间和干制时间3个关键工艺参数。利用响应面分析方法,建立感官评分与工艺参数间的模型,确定鱼松的最优工艺参数。结果表明,影响感官分数的因素排序依次为干制时间腌制时间汽烹时间。采用响应面分析法建立的模型,曲面方程拟合性好,其优化的鱼松最佳工艺参数为腌制时间1.01 h,汽烹时间18.04 min,干制时间2.44 h。此条件下感官分数达8.92,与模型方程理论预测值(9.07)相对误差为1.65%。产品鉴定出挥发性物质成分27种,主要为烷类、烯类、苯类和酮类。本试验鱼松产品呈疏松的浅黄色絮状,味道鲜美,可进一步工业化生产。     

MC与MG对尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈游泳行为的影响

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)和大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoide)是中国主要的淡水经济鱼类,其养殖过程中常遇到微囊藻毒素(Microcystin,MC)与孔雀石绿(Malachite green,MG)的危害。MC和MG通过食物链在人体中富集,给人类的健康造成了严重的威胁。研究测定了人工饲养的尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在含有MC和MG的水体中的行为反应。结果表明,尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在0.2和0.5μg/L MC-LR的水体中处理60min内,其游泳行为相对于对照组无显著性差异,然而,在0.5mg/L MG的水体中处理30min后,尼罗罗非鱼胸鳍摆动频显著上升,大口黑鲈胸鳍摆动频率也在25、30、45min等3个不连续的时间点出现显著的变化。说明尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈对天然毒素MC具有较强的抵抗能力,而对人工毒素MG较为敏感;胸鳍摆动频率可作为尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈一个较为敏感的反映环境变化的行为指标。     

Diet of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), in Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Abstract The major food items of adult largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), in Lake Naivasha, Kenya are not markedly different from those in its native range. Although insects and their larvae are major components of the diet for both temperate and equatorial populations of juvenile bass, the equatorial population also eats Procambarus clarkii (Girard), juvenile fish and aquatic weeds. In temperate populations they also eat crustaceans, rotifers and oligochaetes. The frequency of occurrence of the major prey organisms in the stomachs of M. salmoides varies seasonally with population peaks in these organisms. Similar to North American populations, the Naivasha population feeds during the day between dawn and dusk. In contrast to temperate populations, the population of M. salmoides in this equatorial lake feeds throughout the year, with feeding intensity correlated with water temperature.     

Digestibility of nutrients and amino acids of different protein sources in practical diets by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802)

This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, calcium, phosphorus, and essential and non‐essential amino acid availability of animal and plant protein sources in practical diets for the carnivorous fish, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (8.0±0.5 g; 10.0±0.3 cm). Fish were conditioned to accept artificial feed and those stocked in plastic cages were fed pelleted test diets. Diets contained 30% of the ingredient tested mixed with 70% of a reference ration (RD) containing 40 g 100 g^?1 of crude protein, 19.85 kJ g^?1 crude energy, and 0.5% of chromic oxide. Cages were then transferred to cylindrical, conical‐bottomed aquaria (200 L) where the faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. All the tested ingredients had high ADCs for protein and lipid; ADCs of amino acids of varying protein sources showed significant differences (P<0.01). Plant protein sources did not significantly influence the ADCs of diets. The results allow the inference that the availability of amino acids in plant and animal protein sources varies considerably.     

饲料中高直链淀粉对大口黑鲈肠道物理屏障和菌群的影响

为了评价淀粉结构对大口黑鲈肠道健康的影响,用10%的普通玉米淀粉（直/支链比例为3：7,CS）和高直链玉米淀粉（直/支链比例为7：3,HACS）分别配制成CS和HACS两组等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内循环系统中饲养初重为（8.53±0.06）g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示,HACS组大口黑鲈特定生长率（SGR）和蛋白质效率（PER) 显著高于CS组。同CS组相比, HACS组肠道过氧化氢酶（CAT）和总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）的活性显著升高,且抗氧化基因nrf2、cat的表达量显著上调。同时,HACS组促炎细胞因子（tnf-α、il-8）的相对表达量显著下调,而抗炎细胞因子（tgf-β）的相对表达量显著上调。此外,HACS组在门水平中显著提高放线菌门的丰度,在属水平中显著提高有益菌乳酸菌属的丰度,降低部分潜在有害菌（不动杆菌属、考克氏菌属）的丰度。进一步表型预测发现相较于普通玉米淀粉,饲喂高直链玉米淀粉能显著降低革兰氏阴性菌比例,增加革兰氏阳性菌比例,显著降低潜在致病菌丰度。由此可见,高直链淀粉能提高大口黑鲈抗氧化能力和免疫水平,改善肠道形态结构和肠道菌群。因此,高直链淀粉能改善大口黑鲈的肠道健康状况。