绵羊瘤胃微生物胞外蛋白酶性质的研究

本试验测定了pH、温度和EDTA对纯化的绵羊的瘤胃微生物胞外蛋白酶活性的影响,并用一已知氨基酸排列顺序的肽段(由15个氨基酸组成)作为底物,进一步测定了蛋白酶的酶切位点。结果表明,(1)纯化蛋白酶的最适pH在6.0～6.5之间,最适温度为40℃左右。(2)不同浓度的EDTA(浓度分别为1,10,25,50,75和100mM)对蛋白酶活性没有影响,因而该酶属于丝氨酸蛋白酶类。(3)纯化蛋白酶是一种内肽酶,其酶切位点在组氨酸—酪氨酸(?)、天冬氨酸—丙氨酸(?)、亮氨酸—赖氨酸(?)和(或)缬氨酸—赖氨酸(?)相连的肽键。(4)胰蛋白酶和纯化的蛋白酶虽同属丝氨酸蛋白酶类,但前者对底物具有高度的专一性,后者对底物的专一性不强,这是瘤胃内饲料蛋白质强烈降解的主要原因之     

冻融交替对土壤氮素转化及相关微生物学特性的影响

土壤冻融是发生在中、高纬度及高海拔地区的一种常见的自然现象。冻融作用通过影响土壤物理性质及生物学性状进而对土壤氮素转化过程产生重要影响,但目前关于冻融作用对土壤氮素转化过程影响的研究结果还不尽一致,对于冻融作用下土壤微生物学特性的研究相对较少。本文着重论述了冻融作用对土壤氮素转化过程(有效氮素含量变化、氮素净矿化速率、氮素损失途径等)的影响,并对冻融作用下土壤微生物生理和代谢特性进行了归纳和总结,简要指出目前研究过程中存在的问题,并对未来研究方向提出展望。     

秸秆还田种类对稻田N2O排放及硝化反硝化微生物的影响

以太湖流域典型单季稻田的原状土柱为研究对象,通过设置温室土柱试验,同步监测3种秸秆(水稻秸秆RS、小麦秸秆WS、玉米秸秆MS)施用下水稻各生长期N₂O排放、水稻产量和土壤理化因子,同时定量化分析多个N₂O排放相关菌群及功能基因的丰度,以阐明N₂O排放对不同种类秸秆施用引发的微生物响应机制,筛选控制单季稻田N₂O减排增效最佳的秸秆种类。结果表明：与对照相比,RS、WS和MS处理下水稻生长期N₂O排放量分别增加162.32%、107.11%和9.48%,其中RS处理显著高于MS处理。水稻生育期内,土壤氨氧化菌(AOA、AOB)和反硝化菌群落(nir S、nos Z)丰度均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势。与对照相比,拔节期RS处理显著增加AOA、AOB、nirS和nosZ拷贝数,MS和WS处理对上述功能基因丰度均无显著影响。各生育期土壤NH₄⁺-N含量整体高于NO₃^–-N含量,二者均在水稻分蘖期达到峰...     

阿维菌素对蔬菜地土壤微生物及土壤酶的生态毒理效应

研究了阿维菌素对蔬菜地土壤微生物和土壤酶的生态毒理效应.实验结果表明,阿维菌素在低浓度时（1～10 mg kg^-1）对土壤脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性有轻微的激活作用,而对土壤微生物呼吸强度没有明显的影响;在高浓度时（50～100 mg kg^-1）对土壤微生物呼吸强度、脲酶活性以及脱氢酶活性均有明显抑制作用;不同浓度阿维菌素在不同程度上均会造成土壤微生物生物量的减少和过氧化氢酶活性被强烈激活.     

Tundra plants protect the soil surface from UV

In the Arctic, seasonal ozone depletion is resulting in periods of enhanced UV-B radiation at ground level while regional climate change is associated with increasing temperatures. These changes are likely to alter plant distribution, biodiversity and morphology, which may have knock-on effects for microbially driven biogeochemical cycling and other soil processes. Our study examined the transmission of solar UV radiation through arctic tundra plants using a portable UV radiometer and the DLR-biofilm biological UV dosimeter. A strong negative correlation was found between vegetation cover and UV transmission to the soil surface. Penetration of UV to the soil beneath tundra plants varied depending upon plant morphology, being greater through low creeping plants than cushion plants, grasses or mosses. UV transmission to the soil surface beyond the foliage edge also varied with plant morphology and the presence of flowers.     

Kinetics of soil microbial uptake of free amino acids

 Amino acids and proteins typically form the biggest input of organic-N into most soils and provide a readily available source of C and N for soil microorganisms. Amino acids can also be taken up directly by plant roots, providing an alternative source of available soil N. However, the degree to which plants can compete against the soil microbial population for amino acids in soil solution remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure the rate of microbial uptake of three contrastingly charged ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids (glutamate^1–, glycine⁰, lysine^0.9+) over a wide concentration range (0.1–5 mM) and in two contrastingly managed soils varying in their degree of erosion, organic-C content and microbial biomass. Amino acid uptake was concentration dependent and conformed to a single Michaelis-Menten equation. The mean maximum amino acid uptake rate (V _max) for the non-eroded (control) soil (high organic-C, high biomass) was 0.13±0.02 mmol kg^–1 h^–1, while half maximal uptake occurred at a concentration (K _m) of 2.63±0.07 mM. Typically, V _max was fourfold lower and K _m twofold lower in the eroded soil (low available organic-C, low biomass) compared to the non-eroded (control) soil. Amino acid substrate concentration had little effect on the proportion of amino acid utilized in catabolic versus anabolic metabolism and was similar for both. While the results obtained here represent the summation of kinetics for a mixed soil population, they indicate that amino acid uptake is saturated at concentrations within the millimolar range. Because the affinity constants also were similar to those described for plant roots, we hypothesized that competition for amino acids between plants and microbes will be strong in soil but highly dependent upon the spatial distribution of roots and microbes in soil. Received: 2 March 2000     

Application of 16S rDNA Sequence Analysis Technique in Microbial Detection

16srDNA既具有保守性区域。又具有高变性区域,是生物的种属鉴定和系统进化关系的重要分子基础。以16srDNA为目的物的现代分子生物学技术能精确地揭示微生物种类和遗传的多样性,从而16srDNA序列分析成了微生物分类鉴定主要依据。该方法克服了传统微生物培养方法的限制,操作方便、检测快速准确且灵敏度高,已被广泛应用到菌种鉴定、群落对比分析、群落中系统发育及种群多样性的评估等领域,是一种客观和可信度较高的分类方法。     

嗜金微生物研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对嗜金微生物的种属、富集黄金的机理、工业应用价值及潜力进行了概述,为进一步对其开发利用提供科学资料。     

大青叶樱桃根际微生物种群结构及其变化动态

利用选择性培养基,对2年生大青叶樱桃(Cerasus pseudocerasus)根际微生物进行了分离、鉴定和分类,分析了不同物候期根际微生物种群结构的变化。结果表明,从大青叶樱桃根际分离纯化获得的细菌分别属于15个属,以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为主;放线菌属于链霉菌属的6个类群,以白色类群(Albosporus)、黄色类群(Flavus)为主;真菌以镰刀菌(Fusarium)和木霉属(Trichoderma)为主。不同生育期根际微生物种群结构不同,落叶期根际细菌种群结构最丰富,萌芽期最少。     

污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术进展

微生物修复是土壤环境生物修复技术的重要组成部分,是最具发展和应用前景的生物学环保新技术.本文以土壤中重金属及典型有机污染物为对象,从土壤微生物与污染物质的相互作用入手,较为系统地综合评述国内外污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术,并结合当前土壤污染的新特点,提出了需进一步认识和解决微生物修复过程中出现的新现象和新问题,以不断丰富和拓展土壤环境微生物修复范畴与内涵.