Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

光散射技术在4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂物理稳定性研究中的应用

证明了将光散射技术用于评价水乳剂稳定性的可行性。通过4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂配方的研制,证明了来自Turbiscan Lab分散稳定性分析仪的稳定性参数(SI)可以作为水乳剂稳定性判定的量化指标,其结果与传统的热贮稳定性和冻融稳定性试验结果一致,SI<4.0的4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳体系具有稳定性。此外,正交试验结果表明,乳化剂配比对体系的稳定性影响最大,水质和共乳化剂用量的影响相对较小且差异不显著。选定乳化剂配比后,水质和共乳化剂对体系物理稳定性的影响是协同作用的结果,水质可以在较宽的范围内选择,因而可用自来水配制合格的4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂。     

Effects of shading and NO3:NH4 ratio on the yield,quality and N metabolism in strawberry

The effect of 50% shading and NO₃:NH₄ ratio (0:100, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in the nutrient solution on growth, yield, quality and N metabolism in hydroponically grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa var Camarosa) was evaluated. Both fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly lower when a high concentration of either NO₃ (100%) or NH₄ (75%) was the sole N source in the nutrient solution. In unshaded plants, increasing of both NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced photosynthetic (Pn) rate, however in shaded plants the reduction of Pn became more pronounced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. The yield in terms of fresh and dry weight of fruit per plant was significantly increased at the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO₃:NH₄) treatments. Fruit size was significantly affected by the treatments, so that the biggest fruits in both shaded and unshaded plants were obtained under the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO₃:NH₄) treatments. Total soluble solid (TSS) in unshaded plants was increased with increasing NH₄ ratio in the nutrient solution, however in shaded plants it was reduced at high NH₄ ratio in the nutrient solution. In both shaded and unshaded plants, higher concentration of NH₄ significantly reduced the post-harvest life of the fruits. The increase of tissue N concentration was nearly proportional to the NH₄ concentration in the nutrient solution. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. Shading increased NH₄ concentration so that the shaded plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ concentration in the leaves. The increase of NH₄ concentration induced by shading could be partially the reduction of NH₄ assimilate because of the shortage of carbohydrate.     

两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶光合特性和水分利用对光强的响应

以超高产小麦兰考矮早八和豫麦49为材料,研究了开花期旗叶光合与水分利用对光强的响应。结果表明:开花期,随着光强的增加,旗叶光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)均表现不同程度增大,超过一定的光强后反而下降;但胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随光强的增加而降低。与豫麦49相比,兰考矮早八在较高光强下旗叶仍表现出较高的光合特性与水分利用。     

北疆牧区牧民定居后的生产经营模式 ——以昌吉市阿什里乡为例

本研究以北疆地区昌吉市阿什里乡的典型牧民定居点为研究对象, 采用问卷调查、入户调查和访谈等方法, 对125户定居牧民家庭进行调查研究。结果表明, 定居后的生产经营模式可分为7种类型, 其中“放牧+养殖奶牛+种植+务工”型生产经营模式的牧户比重最多, 占总牧户的39%, 该模式的牧民人均年收入为最高(11 320.47元·a-1);“放牧+养殖奶牛+种植”型生产经营模式的牧民人均年收入为中等(为9 488.1元·a-1);“养殖奶牛+种植”型生产经营模式的牧民人均年收入为最低(2 674.75元·a-1), 表明牧民人均年收入与经营模式高度相关, 经营模式越多元化, 经济收入越高。通过相关性及逐步回归分析发现, “放牧+养殖奶牛+种植+务工”型生产经营模式的人均年收入与家畜羊单位、人均放牧性投入、人均养殖奶牛业投入之间呈极显著正相关关系, 家畜羊单位头数是该模式中影响人均年收入的最强的关键因素。相关性分析及回归分析结论基本吻合, 充分说明牧民生产投入是提高人均收入的重要因素。     

大麻鲜茎剥皮机的设计与试验

为了减轻大麻收获劳动强度、提高大麻鲜皮剥制效率,该研究根据大麻茎杆分枝多、皮骨结合紧密等特点,采取揉搓分离与梳理分离相结合的皮骨分离方法,设计出大麻鲜茎剥皮机。该样机主要由揉搓机构、梳理分离机构、纤维收集装置、传动系统、机架、行走装置等组成,样机具体结构紧凑、移动方便、皮骨分离能力强等特点。试验结果表明：样机的揉搓分离机构能够使大麻鲜茎破裂,皮骨初步分离;梳理分离机构能将揉搓后粘连在韧皮表面的大部分麻骨去除,起到梳理鲜皮上屑骨的作用。样机的鲜茎出皮率为10.90%～21.36%,剥净率为61.50%～78.33%,生产率为108.67～174.22 kg/h,纤维强度为4.90～5.61 cN/dtex,可实现大麻鲜茎的皮骨分离。     

帆张网帆布面积对网具作业性能的影响

帆布面积增加在促进网口扩张的同时,也使网具整体阻力增加.为了明晰帆布面积对网具整体作业性能的影响,以网口面积与网具阻力的比值(K)作为帆张网网具性能比较参数,通过模型实验分析帆布面积对网具作业性能的影响,结果显示,流速为0.24 m/s时,K值随帆布面积增加而递增,但增速逐渐趋缓,帆布面积趋于0.288 m2时,K呈现...     

鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构研究

[目的]研究鹰嘴豆的组织结构。[方法]通过植物制片方法,对鹰嘴豆的根、茎、叶和种子等器官进行切片,制作成永久装片。[结果]鹰嘴豆根为四原型构造;茎中韧皮纤维和髓部发达;根、茎中以网纹导管居多,也有螺纹和孔纹导管;叶中栅栏细胞组织1-2层,海绵组织细胞3～5层;种皮表皮细胞1列,栅状,上端有1条光辉带,子叶细胞中有不定形的草酸钙结晶。[结论]首次报道了鹰嘴豆的组织解剖结构,可为鹰嘴豆的进一步研究提供科学资料,其组织结构特征可作为鹰嘴豆生药鉴定的重要依据。     

濒危植物广西火桐净光合速率及其影响因子研究

使用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对濒危植物广西火桐幼树叶片净光合速率（Pn）及其影响因子日变化速率进行测定,并进行相关分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析。结果表明：广西火桐净光合速率（Pn）日变化曲线为＂双峰＂型,变化趋势与蒸腾速率（Tr）相同;具有明显的＂光合午休＂现象,午间净光合速率（Pn）降低主要由气孔导度（Gs）降低引起;影响广西火桐叶片净光合速率（Pn）的主要生理因子是蒸腾速率（Tr）,主要生态因子是光照强度（PAR）和空气相对湿度（RH）。栽培管理中可通过增加透光度、适当浇水等措施来调节蒸腾速率,提高净光合速率,促进苗木快速生长。