Identification of QTLs related to sugar and organic acid composition in melon using near-isogenic lines

The soluble sugar and organic acid composition of melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit flesh has become a major focus of plant breeding worldwide in an attempt to improve taste. Thus, sugar and organic acid profiles were characterized using near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo (PS) and the exotic Korean accession Shongwan Charmi (PI 161375). Fruits were cultivated in only one environment. These data were used to map 60 quantitative trait loci (QTLs): 18 for individual sugars, eight for sucrose equivalents, five for the glucose-to-fructose ratio, seven for the total sugar content and 21 for organic acids. Within the QTLs that were associated with the sugar profile, 27 defined the sugar content: eight for fructose, six for glucose, four for sucrose, and nine for sucrose equivalents. Although increased sweetness of selected NILs compared with the parental PS was achieved by an increased glucose or fructose content, only glucose heritability was above 0.5. A total of 21 QTLs (two with positive effects and nineteen with detrimental effects compared with the PS levels) controlled the organic acid profile: l-glutamic, ascorbic and succinic acids (the principal ones) and fumaric, citric, oxalacetic, and isocitric acids. The levels of sugars imparted by the PI 161375 introgression frequently decreased the score grades given to NILs by consumers. Within the 32 QTLs mapped for sensory traits, 27 were associated with lower scores in taste (nine QTLs), sweetness (eight QTLs) or global quality appreciation (nine QTLs); two with increased fruit sourness or sweetness and three with increased fruit bitterness. The QTLs defined herein may assist breeders to understand the overall organoleptic balance (sweetness, sourness, and umami taste) in melon fruit, particularly those located within linkage groups III, V, VI, and VIII to XI.     

玉米穗位叶光合速率的初步研究

对１５个常用玉米自交系及其１０５个杂交组合穗位叶光合速率的研究表明：自交系间及其杂交组合间的光合速率各异;玉米穗位叶光合速率的大小与单株产量无关;自交系光合速率的ＧＣＡ与其表型值无关,杂交组合光合速率的高低主要决定于组合光合速率的ＳＣＡ效应值;玉米穗位叶光合速率的遗传力较低,光合速率的大小主要决定于基因的非加性效应,且易受环境影响。     

大豆杂种后代蛋白质含量的遗传研究：Ⅱ.杂种后代的遗传分析

利用蛋白质含量不同的６个亲本的不完全双列杂交的Ｆ１，Ｆ２代资料，分析了蛋白质含量的遗传变异趋势及与其他性状间的相互关系。结果表明，双亲的蛋白质含量差异大，Ｆ２变异程度也大。蛋白质含量的遗传力较高，可在Ｆ２代选择并能获得一定的遗传进度，Ｆ１，Ｆ２代的蛋白地岑与母本的含量及双亲中亲值呈极显著的正相关。Ｆ２代的蛋白质含量与百粒重呈极显著的正相关，与脂肪含量呈极著的负相关。     

番茄果实色泽和色素含量的遗传特征

番茄的颜色和色素含量是决定果实品质的两个重要特性。在本研究中,使用绿色和紫色番茄植株分别作为母本和父本,分别产生了6个遗传群体,即P1、P2、F1、BC1、BC2和F2。通过数量性状的多代联合分析研究果实颜色和色素含量的遗传规律。结果表明,绿色和紫色果之间的果实颜色的最佳遗传模型为MX1-AD-ADI。BC1、BC2和F2代色度值的主基因遗传率分别为82%、59%和77%,多基因遗传率分别为8%、10%和13%。番茄红素含量的遗传符合MX2-ADI-AD模型,BC1、BC2和F2的主基因遗传率分别为64%、74%和93%,而多基因的遗传率分别为20%、0%和0%。叶绿素的遗传模型为MX1-AD-ADI,BC1、BC2和F2的主基因遗传率分别为59%、74%和59%,多基因的遗传率均为0%。胡萝卜素的遗传符合MX2-ADI-ADI模型,BC1、BC2和F2的主基因遗传率分别为76%、4%/5%和54%,而多基因的遗传率分别为0%、0%和13%。     

微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力研究

按Griffing方法4,用6个微胚乳超高油玉米自交系配制15个组合,研究微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力。结果表明:子粒含油率高的双亲在组配时有可能表现出超亲优势;子粒含油率的一般配合力(GCA)在各亲本间及特殊配合力(SCA)在各组合间均存在显著差异;子粒含油率的GCA效应与SCA效应之间无明显关系;以提高子粒含油率为育种目标,应选择具有较高子粒含油率和GCA效应值的自交系作亲本;子粒含油率有较高的遗传力,加性方差在遗传变异中起主要作用,子粒含油率宜在早代选择。     

红松优树子代树高生长的遗传测定

对红松自然分布区内３个亚区、９个地点、１０８株优树子代１０年生树高测定的结果表明,亚区间和家系／地点／亚区间差异显著、极显著,北亚区在带岭生长表现最好;亚区、地点／亚区、家系／地点／亚区间遗传力分别为０８３６、０５３７、０３６５。     

Summer mortality of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas). I. Estimation of genetic parameters for survival and growth

The multidisciplinary project “MOREST” aims to improve our understanding of causes of summer mortality in Crassostrea gigas juveniles in France and to reduce its impact on oyster production. As part of the MOREST project, 43 full-sib families nested within 17 half-sib families were produced, planted out and tested in 3 sites during summer 2001 to assess to what extent genetic variability exists for this trait. A strong genetic basis was found for survival as narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.47 to 1.08, with higher values in sites where summer mortality was higher. Genetic correlations across sites were positive and very high for survival, indicating no genotype by environment interaction. In contrast, lower genetic variation was observed for growth in all sites. Finally, genetic correlations between growth and survival were low, in all sites. Selective breeding in a single site should therefore be an efficient means of improving survival in oysters less than one year old along the French Atlantic and Channel coastlines with only very limited effects on growth. As yield mostly depends on survival and growth, this approach should significantly improve harvestable yield. Possible reasons why a high genetic variance for survival appears to be maintained in wild populations are discussed.     

内蒙古白绒山羊母羊产羔效应的遗传分析

[目的]探讨内蒙古白绒山羊产羔数的遗传规律。[方法]对2000-2007年出生的22 721只内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊的初生重及3 044只母本羊产羔数进行统计分析。[结果]最小二乘方差分析表明,性别、胎次和出生类型对羔羊初生重有显著影响;约束性最大似然法分析表明,胎次、群体和母体效应对产羔数有显著影响。羔羊初生重遗传力单羔为0.16,双羔为0.40,全部为0.17。[结论]该研究为下一步建立内蒙古白绒山羊高繁殖性能品系奠定了一定的基础。     

不同类型杂交早稻农艺性状的遗传分析

采用6个杂交稻三系不育系和10个杂交早稻父本品种,通过不完全双列杂交配置了60个杂交早稻组合。分析了在相同栽培环境条件下三系杂交早稻亲本及其所配置的杂交早稻组合的12个农艺性状的遗传规律。结果表明:12个农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主,各性状的狭义遗传力大小顺序依次为千粒重>株高>穗长>穗实粒数>结实率>穗总粒数>生育期>理论产量>实际产量>有效穗>成穗率>最高苗;除穗长外,其余性状受父本的影响较大;理论产量与结实率、穗实粒数、株高、成穗率及有效穗呈正相关,可通过这几个性状对产量进行间接选择;穗实粒数是杂交早稻选择指数中最重要的选择性状。     

Fragrance heritability in Hybrid Tea roses

Most of the Hybrid Tea roses that are sold as cut flowers are non-scented, despite the long-standing interest of the perfume industry to rose scent. In the absence of comprehensive knowledge on the genetic and biochemistry of volatile biosynthesis in roses, we decided to characterize a Hybrid Tea progeny obtained from parents that emit very different scents. First, we identified the 11 most abundant volatile compounds synthesized by the progeny, and a short review is given for each one that describes their occurrence in the genus Rosa, in the parents and the studied progeny. We have then used statistical analysis on the distribution of volatiles among individual progeny members to unveil the laws of segregation of the scent traits in this cross. As a general rule, the quantity and quality of volatile compounds was lower in the progeny members. Variations in scent quality were mostly linked to the quantity of monoterpenes that was present. Offsprings emitting a pleasant fragrance were, in practice, found to be rare.