Re-defining tillage erosion: quantifying intensity–direction relationships for complex terrain

Abstract. Current tillage erosion models account for the influence of tillage direction in the magnitude of the soil (tillage) transport coefficient. It is argued here that this is counter-intuitive and causes significant problems in modelling tillage erosion in areas of complex terrain. This article examines whether a re-modelling of tillage erosion is possible that separates tillage direction (an interaction with the landform) from the soil transport coefficient (a measure of tillage intensity representing the combination of implement erosivity and soil erodibility). Experimental data for mouldboard ploughing upslope, downslope and cross-slope at Coombe Barton Farm, Devon are examined. Integration of data for all directions into a single relationship, which relates translocation in the direction of tillage to slope in the direction of tillage and translocation perpendicular to tillage to slope perpendicular to tillage, is not possible using previously published methods of analysis. However, when total translocation distance is regressed against the tangent of the slope at 45° to the tillage direction (bisecting the tillage direction and the direction of overturning) it is found that a single relationship can be used to describe tillage in all three directions. Therefore, this relationship is used to determine a single value of the soil transport coefficient ( k _fTa) for constant soil and implement conditions but different tillage directions. This redefinition of tillage is important both for true estimation of tillage erosion severity, the adirectional coefficient being 40% larger than the directional coefficient, and for modelling of tillage erosion in complex terrain. These improvements are vital when tillage erosion simulation is used to direct soil conservation strategies.     

考虑陀螺效应的动力总成悬置系统分析和优化

应用陀螺力学理论,对传统动力总成悬置系统的无阻尼动力学方程进行修正,引入陀螺矩阵,得到新的动力学方程。对新的动力总成悬置系统动力学模型进行计算分析,研究了陀螺矩阵对频域、时域响应的影响。使用遗传算法分别对修改前后的方程进行优化计算,并进行比较分析。结果表明,对于低转速发动机,曲轴转动的陀螺效应不明显,而对于高转速的发动机,陀螺效应不能忽略,应以考虑陀螺力矩的方程为基础进行设计分析。     

16种观赏石斛兰的遗传关联性分析

石斛兰种质资源的评价与创新是育种工作的基础。为了挖掘石斛兰资源有效的分子标记以及优良目的性状相关基因,本研究主要观测了16份石斛兰种质资源形态学性状以及利用RAD-seq分子标记技术分析这些品种资源之间的遗传进化关系,对16种观赏石斛兰形态学与RAD-seq分子标记进行了关联分析。结果表明,形态学分析显示16个石斛兰品种间遗传变异较大,相似系数在0.776～0.926之间;与形态学结果相比,16个石斛兰品种RAD-seq的测序结果显示种间遗传差异更大,与参考基因组相比相似系数在0.252 2～0.898 2之间。RAD-seq聚类分析表明,聚石斛、霍山石斛和金钗石斛亲缘关系较近;形态学关联分析发现,这3个石斛兰品种都具有花香且花序侧生现象,其他石斛兰品种没有此特征。对这3个石斛兰品种区别于其他品种的SNP标记位点相关序列进行提取和注释,发现了大量的次生代谢途径和光合作用相关基因。16个观赏石斛兰品种间存在较丰富的遗传多样性,其中聚石斛、霍山石斛和金钗石斛亲缘关系较近,并发现分类结果可能与花香和花序侧生现象相关。     

美洲黑杨基因资源收存及其遗传评价的研究

从１７个国家引进３３１个黑杨派无性系（其中５２个美洲黑杨无性系）,在山东省长清县营建我国第一个黑杨派无性系基因库。连续１０年对基因库内美洲黑杨无性系进行了多性状系统研究,结果表明各无性系间在物候期、生长、生根、抗寒和抗病虫等方面均存在着显著的差异,遗传变异丰富;系间的主要性状与无性系起源纬度及各性状间存在一定相关性。主要材料性状变异的研究结果表明,３８个８年生美洲黑杨无性系在木材基本密度、纤维长度无性系间变异达到极显著水平;木材密度和纤维长度与树高和胸径呈一定相关性;木材密度和纤维长度这两个性状在遗传上相互独立,受不同遗传机制控制。利用分子遗传标记ＲＡＰＤ技术研究库内美洲黑杨无性系ＤＮＡ多态性,结果表明本库美洲黑杨ＤＮＡ多态率为８６％,再次证明本库美洲黑杨遗传多样性高,可为我国杨树改良提供丰富的育种材料。     

甘蓝型油菜含油量的遗传研究

采用7×7双列杂交设计,研究了甘蓝型油菜含油量的基因作用和其它遗传参数,以及含油量与其它农艺性状、品质性状的关系。结果表明:含油量的遗传符合加性—显性遗传模型,有关基因在亲本中呈独立分布;显性指向增效,表现超显性作用;亲本中显性基因比隐性基因多,增效基因比减效基因的频率大;控制含油量并表现显性的基因约为4组;含油量的广义和狭义遗传力分别为81.16％和30.90％。单相关和逐步回归分析一致表明,单株产量、每角粒数、主花序长度和株高对含油量有较强正向作用,但角果长度和全株总角果数的作用为负。本文还讨论了基因作用分析在探讨配合力的基因效应成分和杂种优势产生的可能原因中的意义,及其在选择中的应用。     

基于SRAP分子标记的11份柑橘种质材料遗传多样性分析

为分析11份柑橘种质材料的遗传多样性,本研究以7份沙糖橘种质以及4份其他柑橘种质为试验材料,利用SRAP分子标记进行分析,并用UPGMA法进行聚类.结果表明:160对引物组合筛选出20对引物组合扩增条带清晰,11份种质材料两两之间遗传相似系数在0.322 1～0.931 6之间.沙糖橘和金葵蜜橘间的遗传相似系数最大,为...     

Molecular characterization and marker based chemotaxonomic studies of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

Detailed chemical studies and RAPD analysis were done in different populations of Podophyllum hexandrum collected from high altitude regions of North Western Himalayas. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among the 12 collected accessions, attributed to their geographical and climatic conditions. HPLC analysis also revealed variation in the concentration of two major marker compounds which lead to the identification of a chemotype. The study demonstrated that RAPD and chemical markers are very useful tools to compare the genetic relationship and pattern of variation among such prioritized and endangered medicinal plants.     

Identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 in yaks (Bos poephagus grunniens) in the Himalayan region

Since cattle are widely infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in India, we searched for pestivirus infection in yaks. Of 71 pure and crossbred yaks from Himalayan region, pestivirus antigen was detected by Ag-ELISA in three animals. Pestivirus in leukocyte and cell culture isolated virus samples originating from positive yaks was also confirmed by RT-PCR using panpestivirus specific primers selected from 5'-untranslated region (5' UTR). The 5' UTR, N(pro) and E2 regions were sequenced and used for genetic typing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that pestiviruses detected in three Himalayan yaks were similar genetically, belonging to BVDV-1. Antigenic characterisation of yak pestivirus also confirmed the typing as BVDV-1. This is the first report on the identification of BVDV type 1 in yaks.     

多年生黑麦草叶片长度数量性状位点(QTLs)研究

选择固定有益等位基因,研究多年生黑麦草叶片长度数量性状位点,结果表明:与叶长最为相关的3个标记所表达的变异占表型总变异的50.9%(r2);在选择中如能将这3个标记最优化地组合在一起,其综合共同作用有望使叶片长度延长和缩短26 mm;鉴于供试材料在最初3个世代的群体选择中所估测到叶片长度的遗传力为0.32,这样在今后的选择工作中,即使只使用现有的两个标记,其效果亦优于传统的表型选择法.     

22份百脉根种质资源表型数量性状的遗传多样性分析

本研究对22份百脉根(Lotus corniculatus)种质资源的11个表型性状指标进行多样性研究分析。结果表明：除种宽外,22份百脉根种质间的表型性状均存在显著变异,表型性状指标变异幅度为12.11%～69.48%,各表型性状之间存在显著或极显著相关性。主成分分析表明,茎长、株高、冠幅、种子周长、种子长、种子宽和种子长宽比的主成分载荷较高,是造成百脉根种质表型性状差异的主要因素。根据聚类分析将22份百脉根种质分为3个类群,其中,第Ⅰ类群种质的种子小,但植株高大,第Ⅱ类群种质的种子小且植株矮小,第Ⅲ类群种质的种子和种荚大但植株矮小。综合评价11和12号这2份种质资源整体表现优良,且归属于第Ⅲ类群,具有种荚和种子较大的特性,可作为选育种子高产品种的目标亲本利用。本研究结果可为百脉根的种质应用和品种选育提供理论参考。