Soil phosphorus fractions and their availability over natural succession from clear-cut of a mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest in northeast ChinaOA

To assess phosphorus(P) status of forest soil under naturally restored vegetation, P fractions in the 10-cm soil layer were quantified at different successional stages on the clear-cut site of mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest. Four communities of shrub, softwood broad-leaved forest, softwood and hardwood broad-leaved forest, and hardwood broad-leaved forest represented different successional stages. A soil sample from a primary broad-leaved and Korean pine stand was the control. A sequen...     

Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape

Patch modeling can be used to scale-up processes to portray landscape-level dynamics. Via direct extrapolation, a heterogeneous landscape is divided into its constituent patches; dynamics are simulated on each representative patch and are weighted and aggregated to formulate the higher level response. Further extrapolation may be attained by coarsening the resolution of or lumping environmental data (e.g., climatic, edaphic, hydrologic, topographic) used to delimit a patch.Forest patterns at the southern boreal/northern hardwood transition zone are often defined by soil heterogeneity, determined primarily by the extent and duration of soil saturation. To determine how landscape-level dynamics predicted from direct extrapolation compare when coarsening soil parameters, we simulated forest dynamics for soil series representing a range of drainage classes from east- central Maine. Responses were aggregated according to the distribution of soil associations comprising a 600 ha area based on local- (1:12,000), county- (1:120,000) and state- (1:250,000) scale soil maps. At the patch level, simulated aboveground biomass accumulated more slowly in poorer draining soils. Different soil series yielded different communities comprised of species with various tolerances for soil saturation. When aggregated, removal of waterlogging caused a 20–60% increase in biomass accumulation during the first 50 years of simulation. However, this early successional increase and the maximum level of biomass accumulation over a 200 year period varied by as much as 40% depending on the geospatial data. This marked discrepancy suggests caution when extrapolating with forest patch models by coarsening parameters and demonstrates how rules used to rescale environmental data need to be evaluated for consistency.     

含运动副间隙汽车摆振系统非线性动力学建模

机构运动副间隙对系统动力学响应有重要影响,有必要将转向机构运动副间隙引入汽车摆振系统动力学分析。基于非线性系统动力学,应用拉格朗日方程建立了考虑转向机构运动副间隙的六自由度摆振动力学模型。通过仿真分析讨论了车速对前轮摆振的影响,结果表明在特定车速范围内前轮会发生自激摆振,这与实际情况吻合,验证了模型的正确性。     

用于车辆紧急制动仿真的动态轮胎模型

提出一种可用于车辆紧急制动仿真的动态轮胎模型——LuGre轮胎模型。该动态模型不仅具有与经典稳态模型（如魔术公式）相似的稳态特性,可以方便地通过试验数据进行参数拟合和在线整定,而且能够精确捕捉汽车紧急制动过程中的瞬态特性,又由于采用微分方程形式来描述,更有利于开发高性能的电子制动控制系统来提高汽车的行驶安全性。得到了LuGre轮胎模型的基本特性,并分析了其在车辆紧急制动仿真中的稳态特性和动态特性。     

自然吸气与增压中冷柴油机气缸套应变对比

采用应变片测试技术,对自然吸气和增压中冷柴油机湿式缸套在外特性工况下工作时的周向应变进行了动态测试,拟合出缸套工作时的周向变形曲线,对比分析了不同机型湿式气缸套工作变形的特点以及主要影响因素。研究结果表明,随转速的提高,自然吸气柴油机缸套主推力面应变随之增加,逐渐呈现一种振动特性;而转速提高对增压中冷柴油机缸套周向应变影响不明显,缸套主推力面应变最大值出现在各作用力对缸套壁面作功最多的额定扭矩工况。     

基于VAR模型的新疆农业科技资源与农业经济增长的动态关系研究

农业科技资源投入是推进区域农业经济增长的关键。本文基于新疆2001—2020年时间序列数据,采用VAR模型分析新疆农业科技资源各要素与农业经济增长之间的动态关系。结果表明：新疆农业科技资源各要素与农业经济增长之间存在长期稳定均衡关系,而农业科技资源对短期偏离均衡的调整力度为106.93%;农业科研开发活动经费投入与农业经济增长之间存在单向格兰杰因果关系;农业机械总动力与农业技术人员数量之间存在单向格兰杰因果关系;两者之间的互动关系是长期良性状态。通过脉冲响应分析可知,就短期而言,农业科技资源对农业经济增长具有显著影响。总的来说,农业科研开发活动经费投入、农业机械总动力与农业技术人员数量对农业经济增长的促进作用具有不稳定性,四者之间的相互作用较复杂。     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替中期群落比较异质性研究

对陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒演替中期6块样地进行了群落间异质性和群落异质性分析。结果表明,群落间异质性与环境因素差异多数为正相关,说明环境对撂荒演替中期群落组成与结构起到了一定的塑造作用,典型相关分析进一步表明群落间异质性有84.6%是由环境差异引起的,其中土壤全磷含量与群落间组成异质性、土壤水分与群落结构异质性有较强的正相关关系,说明土壤磷营养对撂荒演替中期群落组成有较大的影响,而土壤水分是影响植物生长和群落结构的重要因素,因此在对撂荒7~15年的耕地进行恢复与重建应注意磷肥的施用和节水、保水措施。     

行星摆线针轮减速机构的动力学虚拟仿真

以UG、ADAMS等三维造型及运动学、动力学分析软件为平台，利用虚拟设计技术建立了行星摆线针轮减速机构的动力学虚拟样机模型。探讨了行星摆线针轮减速机物理约束机制的实现方法，建立了虚拟样机系统的力学模型，验证了样机的动态干涉情况，并对摆线针轮减速机构进行了动力学仿真分析，最后还进行了柱销与输出轴作用力的虚拟实验分析。仿真分析结果表明，提出的摆线针轮减速机虚拟样机建模正确，有较好的可靠性和实用价值。     

螺旋离心式潜水排污泵叶轮的加工

对引进意大利技术生产的螺旋离心式水泵中的关键零件螺旋式叶轮的结构特点进行了分析，讨论了叶轮的加工工艺、夹具及工装设计对叶轮精度的影响，确定了螺旋式叶轮的加工工艺、校平衡的方法及加工中应注意的问题。     

Conversion to organic arable farming in The Netherlands: A dynamic linear programming analysis

Several studies show that organic farming is more profitable than conventional farming. However, in reality not many farmers convert to organic farming. Policy makers and farmers do not have clear insight into factors which hamper or stimulate the conversion to organic farming. The objective of this paper is to develop a dynamic linear programming model to analyse the effects of different limiting factors on the conversion process of farms over time. The model is developed for a typical arable farm in The Netherlands central clay region, and is based on two static liner programming models (conventional and organic). The objective of the model is to maximise the net present value over a 10-year planning horizon. The results of the analysis of a basic scenario show that conversion to organic farming is more profitable than staying conventional. In order to arrive at the actual profitable phase of organic farming, the farmer has to pass through the economically difficult 2-year conversion period. Sensitivity analysis shows that if depreciation is 25% higher than conventional fixed costs due to machinery made superfluous by conversion, conversion is less profitable than staying conventional. Also the availability of hired labour, which can be constrained in peak periods, has a strong effect on the cropping plan and the amount of area converted. Further analysis shows that a slight drop (2%) in organic prices lowers the labour income of the farmer and makes conversion less profitable than conventional farming. For farmers, a minimum labour income can be required to ‘survive’. The analysis shows that constraint on minimum labour income makes stepwise conversion the best way for farmers to overcome economic difficulties during conversion.