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The majority of dead organic material enters the soil carbon pool following initial incorporation into microbial biomass. The decomposition of microbial necromass carbon (C) is, therefore, an important process governing the balance between terrestrial and atmospheric C pools. We tested how abiotic stress (drought), biotic interactions (invertebrate grazing) and physical disturbance influence the biochemistry (C:N ratio and calcium oxalate production) of living fungal cells, and the subsequent stabilization of fungal-derived C after senescence. We traced the fate of 13C-labeled necromass from ‘stressed’ and ‘unstressed’ fungi into living soil microbes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total soil carbon and respired CO2. All stressors stimulated the production of calcium oxalate crystals and enhanced the C:N ratios of living fungal mycelia, leading to the formation of ‘recalcitrant’ necromass. Although we were unable to detect consistent effects of stress on the mineralization rates of fungal necromass, a greater proportion of the non-stressed (labile) fungal necromass C was stabilised in soil. Our finding is consistent with the emerging understanding that recalcitrant material is entirely decomposed within soil, but incorporated less efficiently into living microbial biomass and, ultimately, into stable SOC. 相似文献
3.
The study of interactions between minerals, organic matter (OM) and microorganisms is essential for the understanding of soil functions such as OM turnover. Here, we present an interdisciplinary approach using artificial soils to study the establishment of the microbial community and the formation of macro-aggregates as a function of the mineral composition by using artificial soils. The defined composition of a model system enables to directly relate the development of microbial communities and soil structure to the presence of specific constituents. Five different artificial soil compositions were produced with two types of clay minerals (illite, montmorillonite), metal oxides (ferrihydrite, boehmite) and charcoal incubated with sterile manure and a microbial community derived from a natural soil. We used the artificial soils to analyse the response of these model soil systems to additional sterile manure supply (after 562 days). The artificial soils were subjected to a prolonged incubation period of more than two years (842 days) in order to take temporally dynamic processes into account. In our model systems with varying mineralogy, we expected a changing microbial community composition and an effect on macro-aggregation after OM addition, as the input of fresh substrate will re-activate the artificial soils. The abundance and structure of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments amplified from total community DNA were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. The formation of macro-aggregates (>2 mm), the total organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) contents, the OC and N contents in particle size fractions and the CO2 respiration were determined. The second manure input resulted in higher CO2 respiration rates, 16S rRNA gene and ITS copy numbers, indicating a stronger response of the microbial community in the matured soil-like system. The type of clay minerals was identified as the most important factor determining the composition of the bacterial communities established. The additional OM and longer incubation time led to a re-formation of macro-aggregates which was significantly higher when montmorillonite was present. Thus, the type of clay mineral was decisive for both microbial community composition as well as macro-aggregation, whereas the addition of other components had a minor effect. Even though different bacterial communities were established depending on the artificial soil composition, the amount and quality of the OM did not show significant differences supporting the concept of functional redundancy. 相似文献
4.
在分析蝙蝠算法性能基础上,将蝙蝠算法融入分解机制,提出了一种基于分解机制的多目标蝙蝠算法。为了进一步提高算法的多样性,将差分进化策略引入算法中。对14个具有复杂Pareto前沿的多目标优化问题(LZ-09系列和ZDT系列)测试不同邻域规模对算法性能的影响,结果表明新算法的邻域规模为20时性能最优;将其与MOEA/D-DE和NSGA-II算法进行对比分析,结果显示该算法的分布性、收敛性和多样性均优于另外两种算法。为了验证其求解含有约束问题的性能,将其应用于滑动轴承多目标优化设计问题中,获得的Pareto前沿分布均匀,表明算法具有工程实用性,是求解复杂高维多目标问题的有效方法。 相似文献
5.
Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg−1 dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg−1 dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content. 相似文献
6.
不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素 总被引:24,自引:1,他引:24
农田土壤中秸秆腐解伴随氮磷钾养分的释放是重要的生物地球化学过程,也是秸秆还田替代化肥养分的基础。了解不同农区秸秆分解过程中的养分释放动态,揭示秸秆、气候和土壤条件的交互作用机制,是制定秸秆还田合理措施的理论基础。基于寒温带-暖温带-中亚热带的黑土、潮土、红壤互置试验平台,研究了小麦、玉米秸秆在3年腐解过程中养分释放过程和影响因素。结果表明,秸秆中养分释放速率的大小顺序为KPN;秸秆中氮素和磷素在寒温带以及在红壤和潮土中表现为先富集再释放特征,在暖温带、中亚热带以及黑土中表现为直接释放特征;秸秆中钾素均表现为直接快速释放特征,在腐解0.5 a平均释放率达89.5%。气候和土壤条件主导了氮磷的释放,其相对平均贡献率分别为19.5%和15.2%。在腐解后期(2~3 a)气候、土壤和秸秆因素对养分释放的贡献率30%,说明土壤生物因素可能起了主导作用。 相似文献
7.
三江平原地区不同有机物料腐解规律的研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
利用网袋法模拟田间还田方式, 研究不同还田方式下玉米、大豆秸秆的腐解特征。结果表明: 经过150 d的分解, 玉米和大豆秸秆残留率在33.7%~61.1%之间, 秸秆还田分解趋势为: 土埋处理>露天处理, 土埋玉米秸秆>土埋大豆秸秆, 露天条件下大豆和玉米秸秆分解速率一致。从细胞结构上看, 玉米秸秆随着还田时间的延长, 基本组织和维管束遭到破坏, 细胞壁变薄, 细胞内物质消失, 细胞排列疏松; 大豆秸秆组织结构变化不明显。露天和土埋处理各有机物料有机碳分解率分别为39.9%~48.9%、49.6%~65.8%, 土埋玉米和大豆秸秆腐解速度明显高于露天处理。两个处理氮、钾分解率无太大差异, 分别为51.1%~67.7%、74.6%~91.7%, 而磷素变化比较明显, 露天和土埋处理玉米秸秆的磷释放率平均比大豆秸秆高49.4%、56.7%。作为还田物料玉米秸秆要好于大豆秸秆。 相似文献
8.
Ingrid K Thomsen Per SchjønningJørgen E Olesen Bent T Christensen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(6):765-774
The turnover of native and applied C and N in undisturbed soil samples of different texture but similar mineralogical composition, origin and cropping history was evaluated at −10 kPa water potential. Cores of structurally intact soil with 108, 224 and 337 g clay kg−1 were horizontially sliced and 15N-labelled sheep faeces was placed between the two halves of the intact core. The cores together with unamended treatments were incubated in the dark at 20 °C and the evolution of CO2-C determined continuously for 177 d. Inorganic and microbial biomass N and 15N were determined periodically. Net nitrification was less in soil amended with faeces compared with unamended soil. When adjusted for the NO3-N present in soil before faeces was applied, net nitrification became negative indicating that NO3-N had been immobilized or denitrified. The soil most rich in clay nitrified least N and 15N. The amounts of N retained in the microbial biomass in unamended soils increased with clay content. A maximum of 13% of the faeces 15N was recovered in the microbial biomass in the amended soils. CO2-C evolution increased with clay content in amended and unamended soils. CO2-C evolution from the most sandy soil was reduced due to a low content of potentially mineralizable native soil C whereas the rate constant of C mineralization rate peaked in this soil. When the pool of potentially mineralizable native soil C was assumed proportional to volumetric water content, the three soils contained similar proportions of potentially mineralizable native soil C but the rate constant of C mineralization remained highest in the soil with least clay. Thus although a similar availability of water in the three soils was ensured by their identical matric potential, the actual volume of water seemed to determine the proportion of total C that was potentially mineralizable. The proportion of mineralizable C in the faeces was similar in the three soils (70% of total C), again with a higher rate constant of C mineralization in the soil with least clay. It is hypothesized that the pool of potentially mineralizable C and C rate constants fluctuate with the soil water content. 相似文献
9.
植物篱枝叶有机碳分解研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
研究植物篱枝叶的分解和养分矿化过程对该模式下养分的有效利用具有重要意义。在金沙江干热河谷坡耕地上利用分解袋法对新银合欢、山蚂蝗等 6个植物篱树种枝叶的分解进行了研究 ,结果显示山蚂蝗和新银合欢分解最快 ,前 2个星期有机碳分解了48 6 %和 5 0 0 % ;山毛豆和云南合欢次之 ,前 4星期有机碳累积分解量为 5 1 5 %和 45 6 % ;圣诞树和黑荆树分解最慢 ;将枝叶埋入土壤中比覆盖地表分解快。有机碳的分解规律可以用单指数模型Ct=C0 (1 e kt)和双指数模型Ct=C0 1 (1 e k1t) C0 2 (1 e k2 t)拟合 (式中 ,Ct 为有机碳累积分解量占全碳百分数 ,C0 、C0 1 和C0 2 分别为易分解有机碳和难分解有机碳百分数 ,k和k1分别为易分解有机碳分解常数 ,k2 为难分解有机碳分解常数 ) ,双指数模型更具合理性。研究表明有机碳的累积分解量与枝叶初始C/N比呈负相关 ,枝叶分解速度可用有机碳 (或易分解有机碳 )半减期来衡量。 相似文献
10.
Impacts of anthropogenic N additions on nitrogen mineralization from plant litter in exotic annual grasslands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Urban regions of southern California receive up to 45 kg N ha-1 y-1 from nitrogen (N) deposition. A field decomposition study was done using 15N-labelled litter of the widespread exotic annual grass Bromus diandrus to determine whether elevated soil N is strictly from N deposition or whether N mineralization rates from litter are also increased under N deposition. Tissue N and lignin concentrations, which are inversely related in field sites with high and low N deposition, determine the rate at which N moves from plant litter to soil and becomes available to plants. The effect of soil N on N movement from litter to soil was tested by placing litter on high and low N soil in a factorial experiment with two levels of litter N and two levels of soil N. The litter quality changes associated with N deposition resulted in faster rates of N cycling from litter to soil. Concentrations of litter-derived N in total N, NH4+, NO3−, microbial N and organic N were all higher from high N/low lignin litter than from low N/high lignin litter. Litter contributed more N to soil NH4+ and microbial N in high N than low N soil. At the end of the study, N mineralized from high N litter on high N soil accounted for 46% of soil NH4+ and 11% of soil NO3−, compared to 35% of soil NH4+ and 6% of soil NO3− from low N litter on low N soil. The study showed that in high N deposition areas, elevated inorganic soil N concentrations at the end of the summer N deposition season are a result of N mineralized from plant litter as well as from N deposition. 相似文献