如何快速改善千岛湖的森林结构与功能

根据调研结果，就如何快速有效地改变千岛湖森林结构与功能提出了相应的对策，认为调整产业结构，加强森林分类经营和加大封山林力度是三个先决条件，而加强科学研究，充分运用人为有利干扰则是其重要保证。     

常山胡柚叶片DNA的抽提与分析

经反复实验，采用在抽提前加入一定量的抗氧化剂β－巯基乙醇，用冰冻的异丙醇来沉淀DNA，并增加氯仿／异戊醇抽提次数的所谓改良CTAB法，对常山胡柚叶片DNA抽提与分析，不仅成功提取到常山胡柚叶片DNA，而且所得的DNA浓度高、纯度好，20个试样的DNA苹均质量浓度为272.86μg/mL，平均每克鲜叶片可获DNA约82μg，纯度基本上都在1.4-1.8范围内，并经RAPD反应验证，完全能满足常规分子生物学分析的要求。     

Testing a depth‐based Habitat Classification System against reef fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical marine park

• 1. The Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, has strong cross‐shelf patterns of reef fish assemblages on shallow reefs (<25 m). While the SIMP also contains reef at depths of up to 75 m, marine communities below 25 m are poorly described. The Habitat Classification System (HCS) used for planning the arrangement of zones in this marine park included three depth categories for reef: shallow (<25 m); intermediate (25–60 m); and deep (>60 m). However, these had not been tested to determine if they adequately reflect biotic patterns.
• 2. Using baited remote underwater video (BRUV), fish assemblages were surveyed at 56 sites spread across shallow, intermediate, and deep reefs within the SIMP to examine spatial variation between depth categories. Relationships between assemblage patterns, depth, and four additional factors considered likely to affect assemblage patterns (distance from shore, reef type, dominant benthos, and latitude), were subsequently explored using multivariate statistical methods.
• 3. Reef fish assemblages differed significantly among the depth categories. Assemblage patterns for fish were strongly correlated with depth and moderately correlated with the dominant benthic assemblage. Correlations with the other factors were generally weak. Three distinct assemblages occurred on reefs <25 m, 25–50 m and >50 m. Shallow (<25 m) reefs also displayed strong cross‐shelf patterns, supporting the results from other studies. Weaker cross‐shelf patterns were evident at intermediate depths (25–50 m).
• 4. Depth‐based and cross‐shelf categories are clearly fundamental components for a HCS that will adequately represent reef fish assemblages for conservation planning in the SIMP. Further refining the depth criteria for the intermediate/deep boundary (to 50 m) improves this representation. Further research is required to determine the wider application of the refined HCS to other marine parks in NSW and to determine how well it represents other components of biodiversity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Physical and biological consequences of a climate event in the central North Pacific

Climatic changes over the North Pacific which began in the mid 1970s, peaked in the early 1980s, and ended by the late 1980s, appear to have altered productivity at various trophic levels in the marine ecosystem in the central North Pacific. The climatic change resulted in increased mixed layer depth and the frequency of deep mixing events, particularly during January-March. A number of biological time series for species ranging from primary to apex levels in the North-western Hawaiian Islands, show corresponding declines in productivity of 30–50% from the early 1980s to the present. We hypothesize that during the early 1980s, increased mixing due to the climate event resulted in greater nutrient input into the euphotic zone and ultimately increased ecosystem productivity. Productivity over a range of trophic levels declined when the climate event ended.     

Early- to late-summer population growth and prey consumption by age-0 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), in two years of contrasting pollock abundance near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea

Acoustic survey data were used to estimate the abundance and distribution of age-0 walleye pollock and zooplankton near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, nursery area at two time periods in two consecutive years: the beginning of August, and mid-September, of 1996 and 1997. The 1996 pollock year class ultimately produced a large adult cohort in the eastern Bering Sea, while the 1997 year class produced a below-average adult cohort. Acoustic densities of age-0 pollock were significantly lower in August – and declined more strongly from August to September – in 1997 than in 1996, indicating that the trend to adult cohort strength was already set by August. Diet composition analyses revealed that age-0 pollock ate a much higher proportion of euphausiids in 1997 than in 1996, despite lower acoustic abundance of euphausiids in 1997. We infer that in 1996, age-0 pollock experienced greater feeding success by August, with high concentrations of copepods available for smaller fish to consume, and high concentrations of euphausiids available for larger individuals. In 1997, age-0 pollock had lower body condition in August and may have been limited by the availability of small (<2 mm) copepods. Bioenergetic modeling of prey consumption did not indicate a likelihood that age-0 pollock would begin to deplete euphausiids until late August in 1996, and not at all between August and mid-September in 1997.     

主捕长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓钓具的最适浸泡时间

根据2012年9月21日-11月15日库克群岛海域金枪鱼延绳钓海上调查数据,建立了钓钩深度计算模型,分两种起绳方式建立了作业中每一根支绳的浸泡时间计算模型。将钓钩深度以40 m为一层,共分为6个水层(40~80 m、80~120 m、120~160 m、160~200 m、200~240 m和240~280 m),统计每个水层和整个水体内的钓钩数量和长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)的渔获尾数。计算每个水层和整个水体内的钓具浸泡时间,并以1 h为间隔分别统计每个区间的支绳数量及渔获尾数,计算其渔获率。结果表明:(1)二次曲线可拟合浸泡时间与长鳍金枪鱼渔获率的关系,其渔获率随浸泡时间的增加呈现先增后减的趋势;(2)长鳍金枪鱼在40~280 m整个水体、6个水层中渔获率最高的浸泡时间为11.0~11.4 h。建议:(1)主捕长鳍金枪鱼时,尽可能把支绳的浸泡时间设定在10.0~12.0 h左右,以提高捕捞效率;(2)对于漂流延绳钓,整个水体的最佳浸泡时间可代表各个水层的最佳浸泡时间;(3)目标鱼种不同,钓具的最佳浸泡时间也不同;(4)浸泡时间可作为延绳钓钓具有效捕捞努力量。研究结果可用于提高长鳍金枪鱼捕捞效率,为渔业生产和CPUE的标准化提供参考。     

南沙群岛重要珊瑚礁水域鱼类资源数量分布

1998年3—5月和1999年5—6月．采用手钓、延绳钓和流刺网3种作业方式在南沙群岛的渚碧、南薰、东门、美济、赤瓜、永署和华阳等7座珊瑚礁水域进行了2个航次的鱼类资源调查。结果表明,7座珊瑚礁水域不同作业方式的鱼类资源相对丰盛度差别较大,其中刺网以永暑礁最高,手钓以华阳礁最高,延绳钓以南薰礁最高;同时．刺网和手钓不同水深区域鱼类资源的相对丰盛度也不相同．其中刺网以11～30m区域最高．手钓以10m以浅和51～80m区域较高;分析认为,造成礁区之间鱼类相对丰盛度差异的主要原因不是初级生产力．而是生态环境因素,主要是礁盘形态和大型海藻的数量。另外．各礁区水域的优势类群有明显不同．这主要与洞穴的大小和数量、大型海藻及珊瑚的种类和数量等生物和非生物环境有关。     

南沙岛礁周围水域主要鱼类食物网

在南沙岛礁周围水域收集了43种主要鱼类,共940个胃含物,根据对它们的食性分析,并依其食料生物的生态类群以及消化器官特点,一般可划分为浮游生物食性、底栖动物食性、游泳动物食性、浮游生物兼底栖动物食性、底栖动物兼游泳动物食性等5种食性类型。根据食物网中各营养级的相互关系,初步划分为4个营养级,即初级生产者(海洋植物)、草食性动物和杂食性动物、低级肉食性动物和中级肉食性动物、高级肉食性动物。并根据这些营养级的划分,南沙岛礁周围水域43种主要鱼类可分低级肉食性鱼类,中级肉性鱼类和高级肉食性鱼类,它们的比为28105。灰裸顶鲷是南沙岛礁周围水域三重剌网举足轻重的捕捞对象,从食物网的观点出发,应加强灰裸顶鲷幼鱼期敌害鱼和其竞食者的捕捞,为低级肉食性经济鱼类除害,灰裸顶鲷就有可能增加资源量。