Biotransformation of clomazone in rice (Oryza sativa) and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides)

Rice (Oryza sativa), a relatively tolerant species, and early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides; EWG), a relatively susceptible species, were exposed to ¹⁴C-labeled clomazone to determine accumulation, biotransformation, and mass balance. On a total mass basis, rice absorbed more clomazone than EWG (p < 0.05), but on a nmol/g basis, there was no significant difference between the two species (p > 0.05). Rice contained more extractable ¹⁴C residues (7.7 ± 0.5 vs. 4.8 ± 0.5 nmol in rice vs. EWG, respectively; p < 0.5), but the concentration in EWG was significantly higher (4.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 nmol/g in EWG vs. rice, respectively; p < 0.01). More metabolized residue was measured in EWG compared to rice (84.1% vs. 67.9%; p < 0.01). Both species produced hydroxylated forms, β-d-glucoside conjugates, and several other unidentified polar metabolites, but EWG generally produced higher metabolite concentrations. The concentration of the suspected active metabolite, 5-ketoclomazone, was significantly higher in EWG vs. rice (21 ± 2 vs. 5.7 ± 0.5 pmol/g, respectively; p < 0.01). Differences in sensitivity to clomazone between rice and EWG appear to be due to differential metabolism, but in this case the more susceptible EWG qualitatively and quantitatively metabolized more clomazone than the more tolerant rice. This is consistent with the action of a metabolically activated herbicide. This metabolic difference could be exploited to develop herbicide safeners for use with clomazone.     

猴头菌转化EGB发酵液提取物抗氧化及抑制非酶糖基化活性研究(英文)

[Objective] In order to study the anti-oxidation and inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation reaction of EGB fermentation extraction biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus.[Method]The free radical scavenging ability and reducing capacity of DPPH as well as inhibitory rate of nonenzymatic glycation reaction were measured targets for comparing changes of anti-oxidation and inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation reaction of fermentation lyophilizer and fermentation extraction before and after EGB fermention adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin. The EGB fermention was biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus.[Result]After adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin,the bioactive matters were concentrated and separated. The free radical scavenging rate,reducing capacity and inhibitory rate of nonenzymatic glycation reaction were increased significantly after adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin.[Conclusion]AB-8 macroporous resin could be used for preliminary concentration of EGB fermentation which was biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus.     

天然抗肿瘤药物鬼臼毒素的生物转化研究

[目的]筛选能够转化鬼臼毒素的菌株,得到其转化产物并鉴定结构,以期为高抗肿瘤活性天然药物的获取和研究奠定基础。[方法]采用微生物分批转化法对鬼臼毒素进行结构修饰,利用薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法对鬼臼毒素及其转化产物进行检测,筛选出能够转化鬼臼毒素的菌株,将其中一株能够转化鬼臼毒素的菌株进行扩大培养,对其发酵液进行乙酸乙酯萃取、常规硅胶柱层析分离提取转化产物,应用现代波谱技术鉴定其转化产物结构。[结果]通过转化鬼臼毒素的研究,筛选出能转化鬼臼毒素的菌株为BS.Str-1、BS.Str-2、BS.Str-3、BS.Str-7、BS.Str-18、BS.Str-21和BS.Str-29;对BS.Str-21扩大培养,提取分离得到唯一的转化产物,经鉴定为苦鬼臼毒素。[结论]该研究表明通过生物转化的方法可以获得鬼臼毒素衍生物,该结果为高抗肿瘤活性天然药物的获取奠定了基础。     

从生物转化液中分离提取11-α羟基-坎利酮的工艺研究

[目的]考察了4种分离提取方法对生物转化液中转化产物11-α-羟基-坎利酮提取率的影响。[方法]4种分离提取方法分别为文献法、浸泡法、洗脱法和匀浆法。[结果]11-α-羟基-坎利酮主要游离于转化液或附着于菌丝体外表面,洗脱法和浸泡法对11-α-羟基-坎利酮具有较好的分离效果。采用400 ml乙酸乙酯洗脱,11-α-羟基-坎利酮提取率为96.0%;经乙酸乙酯浸泡90 min,11-α-羟基-坎利酮提取率达到98.8%。[结论]该方法简单高效,具有工业化应用潜力。     

Phenylpyrazoles impact on Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Effects of the broad-spectrum insecticide fipronil were investigated on a non-target insect living in the soil, the springtail Folsomia candida Willem. Fipronil induced a significant reduction in juvenile production (PNEC = 250 μg kg⁻¹ dry soil), which seemed to be linked with an impact on the first stages of springtail development: juveniles and 7-day-old adults. These young organisms have a thinner integument, a smaller mass body and a weaker detoxification efficiency and were more sensitive than adults (14 days old) to fipronil and phenylpyrazole derivatives. Contact toxicity for juveniles was measured (LC₅₀(96 h)) giving the following values: fipronil, 450 μg l⁻¹; sulfone-fipronil, 430 μg l⁻¹; sulfide-fipronil, 160 μg l⁻¹. F. candida organisms were able to avoid contaminated food because phenylpyrazoles decreased food appetency. However, F. candida could bioaccumulate fipronil through trans-tegumental penetration (BAF_96 h = 160) and its high biotransformation rate inside springtail bodies (1 ng fipronil metabolized day⁻¹ individual⁻¹) was suspected to increase this process. Under natural conditions, phenylpyrazoles risk assessment on springtails seems to be weak due to their capacity of avoiding high contaminated zones and their biochemical tolerance to this class of insecticides.     

富硒土壤生物转硒技术的研究进展

本文论述了生物转硒技术的应用价值和意义,总结了有机硒生成的专利和生物转硒的技术特点,并对生物转硒技术的发展进行了展望。     

中国林业生物能源开发优势与发展机遇

开发林业生物资源、发展新的能源产业,已成为解决能源问题的重要途径之一。本文从资源状态、技术水平、市场前景和开发潜力方面分析总结了中国林业生物质能源的开发优势,从全球环境、政策支持和行业参与方面探讨了我国林业生物质能源的发展机遇,并从体制改革、科技创新和国际交流方面提出了加速中国林业生物质能源利用的对策。     

鸡腿菇转化桑叶发酵液的降血糖作用研究

研究了鸡腿菇转化桑叶发酵液的降血糖作用,测定了糖尿病小鼠喂养鸡腿菇转化桑叶发酵液后血糖、血脂及肝脏、肾脏组织中的超氧化物岐化酶酶活等指标,并分析了发酵液中的成分。结果表明,鸡腿菇转化桑叶发酵液可以降低血清中血糖、果糖胺、甘油三酯、丙二醛含量,提高脏器中超氧化物岐化酶活性;同时,与未转化桑叶的发酵液相比,鸡腿菇转化桑叶发酵液中具有降血糖作用的黄酮和多酚含量显著增加高,进一步分离得到的4,5-二羟基,2-甲氧基-苯甲醛含量也显著提高。无论从功效还是发酵液成分变化都已说明鸡腿菇转化桑叶发酵液具有很好的降血糖作用,为药用真菌转化中药提高降血糖作用提供了参考。     

云杉木屑培养食用菌的研究

采用变色圈和降解实验,结果显示供试的8个菌株均有降解云杉木屑中木质素和纤维素的能力,纤维素和木质素被食用菌降解的程度与被降解的次序无关.结果显示,用云杉木屑栽培榆黄蘑、金针菇和平菇菌株,其菌丝生长较快,生物转化率较高;茶树菇和杏鲍菇菌株的菌丝生长速度较慢,生物转化率较低;木耳、裂褶菌和柳蘑菌株,菌丝生长速度很慢,几乎无法正常出菇.上述食用菌菌株的生物转化率与其对木质素、纤维素降解率的总和呈正相关.     

Impacts of hypersaline water on the biotransformation and toxicity of fenthion on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), striped bass (Morone saxatilis X Morone chrysops) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Hypersaline water derived from agricultural practices primarily in arid landscapes can impact fisheries in streams receiving run-off from fields. Previous studies have indicated significant elevation in the toxicity of thio-ether pesticides by hypersaline water in certain species of euryhaline fish due to enhanced formation of sulfoxide metabolites which may be more toxic than the parent compounds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of salinity on the toxicity of the thio-ether organophosphate pesticide, fenthion in three species of euryhaline fish: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), striped bass (Morone saxatilis X Morone chrysops), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and determine whether a relationship was observed between toxicity and enantioselective sulfoxidation. Stereochemical formation and total sulfoxide formation did not mirror acute toxicity in the three species exposed in fresh or hypersaline conditions. Mortality of striped bass and rainbow trout due to fenthion exposure was enhanced by hypersaline treatments and a trend towards increased toxicity was observed in tilapia. In liver microsomes of rainbow trout, inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) caused a respective 7- and 3-fold increase in sulfoxide formation in liver microsomes fresh and saltwater fish, and a significant increase in the formation of the (+)R-sulfoxide. CYP inhibition also caused a significant elevation of the (+)R-sulfoxide in freshwater striped bass, but not in hypersaline-treated bass. The results indicated contribution by CYP in the sulfoxidation of fenthion as well as the formation of other metabolites in all three species. In summary, hypersaline conditions impacted fenthion toxicity under conditions that appeared to be independent of fenthion sulfoxide formation indicating a much more complex mechanism of action for compounds with phosphorothioate and thio-ether structural features potentially involving multiple oxidative pathways.