营林技术对林业有害生物的控制效果探析

指出了作为生态环境的主体,在环境保护过程中,森林资源发挥着关键性的作用。然而,随着社会经济的不断发展,对森林资源的乱砍滥伐现象也变得越来越严重,这就威胁了人们的生存与发展。因此,加强林业资源的保护具有重要的现实意义。基于此,围绕营林技术进行了分析,就其对林业有害生物的控制效果进行了探究,提出了相应的对策。     

Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia

Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

园艺植物有害生物综合治理刍议

通过对植物检疫、栽培园艺控制技术、生态控制技术、生物控制等技术措施综合分析,表明因地制宜协调运用各种控制措施,实施有害生物的综合治理,可最终达到经济、生态和社会效益的统一。     

大亚湾经济类海洋生物体的重金属含量分析

文章讨论了大亚湾主要经济类海洋生物体内重金属含量的变化特征及其富集能力.结果表明,甲壳类重金属元素的含量最高、头足类的含量次之、鱼类的含量最低.生物体重金属含量从高到低依次为锌(Zn)>铜(Cu)>铅(Pb)≈砷(As)>镉(Cd)>汞(Hg).大亚湾海域经济类海洋生物对Cu和Zn的富集能力最高,对As的富集能力最低.大亚湾经济类海洋生物体重金属含量低于"无公害食品-水产品有毒有害物质限量"标准值.潜在危害系数的计算结果表明,Cd、Pb和Hg存在一定的潜在危害,Cu的潜在危害性很低.     

荧光显微技术在枣疯病病原鉴定中的应用

以易感染枣疯病的阜平大枣为试材，对影响枣疯病病原荧光显微观察的主要因素进行了系统研究。结果表明：苯胺蓝（ａｎｉｌｉｎｅ ｂｌｕｅ）、ＤＡＰＩ（４’，６－ｄｉａｍｉｄｉｎｏ－２－ｐｈｅｎｙｌｉｎｄｏｌｅ·２ＨＣＩ）和阿的平（ｑｕｉｎａｃｒｉｎｅ）３种荧光染料均可用于枣疯病病原鉴定，其中以ＤＡＰＩ效果最佳。ＤＡＰＩ用于定性分析的是了适浓度为０．３μｇ·ｍＬ＾－１，用于定量分析的最适浓度为１．０μｇ·ｍ     

模式生物果蝇在水环境污染物毒理学中的应用及研究进展

经济发展以及人类活动加速造成生态环境破坏,工业及生活污水的过度排放使得江河、海水的污染加剧,对人类健康的危害也日益加深.果蝇作为一种经典的模式生物,与其它动物模型相比,具有饲养成本低、生命周期短、繁殖能力强、遗传物质简单、突变表型多且易于观察等诸多优点,是一种应用广泛并适合于研究人类疾病和毒理学的模式生物.简述了水环境...     

大豆深加工产品定性PCR检测影响因素分析

以大豆内源基因（Lectin）、筛选基因35S启动子（Cauliflower mosaic virus 5S,CaMV35S）、NOS终止子（Nopaline synthase,Nos）和外源基因（CP4 EPSPS）为检测对象,对大豆深加工产品的DNA提取方法、PCR扩增条件的退火温度、引物浓度进行探讨,得出不同DNA提取方法、退火温度、引物浓度对大豆加工产品PCR检测的影响,建立了大豆加工食品中转基因成分定性检测体系。检测结果表明,退火温度60℃、引物浓度0．4μM时所建立的定性PCR检测方法能有效检测出大豆加工产品中的转基因成分,而且方法简单、快速有效。     

小麦黑胚病菌及其分离方法比较

河南省小麦黑胚菌主要是交链孢菌[包括细交链孢菌（Alternaria tenuis)与极细交链孢菌（A.tenuissima)]和麦类根腐德氏霉菌（Drechslera sorokimiana)。检验小麦黑胚病菌以组织分离法最为准确,以清水培养法较为简捷。     

Bottom-up down from the top: Honeydew as a carbon source for soil organisms

Honeydew produced by aphids is a well-studied food source for mutualistic ants. Although considerable amounts drop onto the soil surface there are hardly any studies dealing with the potential effects of this additional C source for soil organisms, particularly those living at the soil surface. We studied this question by simulating honeydew and investigating plots under Populus canescens formerly infested with aphids on two ruderal sites differing in soil organic matter content and vegetation cover. The simulated honeydew input increased microbial biomass with some delay in week 10. Both natural and simulated honeydew raised the activity densities of an epigeic Collembola taxon, the Bourletiellidae, but not of the dominant Hemisotoma thermophila. The honeydew effect varied over time and with the site, and was more pronounced at the nutrient-poor site for Collembola, but not for microbial biomass. Ant consumption reduced the amount of honeydew reaching the soil surface by 50%. The activity density of H. thermophila was negatively related to ants and spiders, hinting at a top-down control. Honeydew clearly acts as a bottom-up force for soil organisms, which is however only part of the complex network connecting the food webs of primary producers and decomposers.