山东省普通小麦醇溶蛋白Gli-1和Gli-2位点等位基因的遗传变异

采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)，分析了山东省种植面积较大的37个小麦品种醇溶蛋白Gli-1和Gli-2位点等位基因的组成特点。结果表明，山东小麦在醇溶蛋白Gli-1 (Gli-A1、Gli-B1和Gli-D1) 和Gli-2 (Gli-A2、Gli-B2和Gli-D2) 位点存在多样性，共鉴定出58个等位基因，出现频率较高的有6个，分别为Gli-A1a (48.6 %)、Gli-B1l (35.1%)、Gli-D1k (35.1%)、Gli-A2b (35.1％)、Gli-B2g (35.1％)和Gli-D2a (29.7％)，其中Gli-B1l出现频率较高，表明1BL/1RS易位系在山东小麦中存在比较普遍。醇溶蛋白6个主要位点的遗传变异系数较高，平均为0.7930，变幅为0.7297～0.8269，其中Gli-D2位点遗传多样性最高，Gli-A1最低。对具有优质醇溶蛋白等位基因Gli-B1b或Gli-A2b的品种进行了高分子量谷蛋白亚基的组成分析,表明烟农15、烟优361、山农98-1和山农93-52同时含有优质谷蛋白5＋10亚基，在小麦育种中可利用这些优质亚基基因。     

新疆小麦Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、TaLox-B1等位变异对面粉色泽的影响

利用已开发的面粉色泽相关性状基因的分子标记,检测了182份新疆小麦品种(系)的Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Ta Lox-B1等位变异,并结合表型鉴定结果,分析不同等位变异对面粉色泽的影响。结果表明,单基因等位变异对面粉色泽的影响不同,其中4个基因等位变异L*值的差异均不显著;对a*值的效应,Psy-A1a高于Psy-A1b(P0.01),Ppo-A1b高于Ppo-A1a(P0.05),Ta Lox-B1a高于Ta Lox-B1b(P0.05);Psy-A1a基因型的b*值高于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01);Psy-A1a基因型的Wht值低于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01)。说明Psy-A1是影响面粉色泽(红度、黄度和白度)的重要基因,而Ppo-A1和Ta Lox-B1基因的等位变异只对面粉红度有显著影响。4个检测基因共有12种等位变异组合,对a*、b*和Wht值有显著效应(P0.01),但对L*值影响不显著(P0.05);Psy-A1b/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1b组合具有最高的Wht值和最低的a*、b*值,Psy-A1a/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1a组合具有最低的Wht值和最高的a*、b*值。182份品种的Wht值平均为86.86,其中审定品种平均为86.87,冬小麦品种为86.42,春小麦品种为87.32。青春5号具有优良的基因型和较高的面粉白度,应加强利用。总体来看,改良新疆小麦面粉的白度,应重点加强对Psy-A1基因的选择,提高Psy-A1b比例。     

小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及 Psy-A1 与 Ppo-A1 等位变异检测

为研究小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及其与两个色泽相关基因等位变异之间的关系,以我国主要麦区17个大面积推广品种及1个优异品系为材料,进行面粉和鲜面片色泽分析和 Psy-A1 、 Ppo-A1 基因等位变异检测。结果表明,扬麦18、泛麦5号、扬麦9号、平安7号、扬麦20面粉和鲜面片色泽均比较好,亮度高,黄度低,携有优异等位变异;川麦42是优异的低黄度种质资源,但亮度需提升。面粉和鲜面片的L~*值间、a~*值间、b~*值间均呈极显著正相关,L~*值与a~*、b~*值均呈极显著负相关,a~*值和b~*值无显著相关性。 Psy-A1主要引起鲜面片a~*值和b~*值显著变化;对a~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ;对b~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ; Ppo-A1 对面粉及鲜面片的b~*值、鲜面片放置2 h和4 h的L~*值有显著影响;对b~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a ;对L~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a 。4个等位变异组合仅对鲜面片黄度b~*值有极显著影响, Ppo-A1a/ Psy-A1a 基因型最高,其他三种基因型差异不显著。因此,改良小麦面粉和面制品色泽应注意淘汰 Ppo-A1a / Psy-A1a 基因型,高世代需加强面制品色泽的筛选鉴定。     

黄淮及长江中下游小麦品种HMW-GS等位基因的分布

选取277份来自黄淮、长江中下游地区推广的、育种单位的高代品种（系）,以及部分种质资源和国外引进资源,利用SDS-PAGE方法分析了它们的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基等位基因的组成。结果表明,Glu-A1位点,共检测出1、2*、N三种亚基类型,其中以1亚基的频率最高达到49%,其次为N亚基为44.77%,二者占总品种数的94.22%,2*亚基的频率最小。在Glu-B1位点的等位变异类型最丰富,共检测出8种变异类型,其中以7＋9和7＋8为最多,分别为38.99%和36.10%,其次为14＋15,为12.64%,其它等位亚基所占数目较少。在Glu-D1位点共检测出四种等位类型,其中以2＋12亚基类型为最多占44.77%,其次为5＋10亚基占33.94%和4＋12亚基占19.49%。对各亚基组合的分布,检测出43种组合。其中以N,7+8,2+12在各品种中所占频率为最高,其值为12.64%,其次为N,7+9,2+12,占9.39%;1,7+8,2+12,占7.94%;N,14+15,4+12,占5.42%,其余亚基类型所占比例较低     

圆果黄麻茎中花青素的遗传研究

对６个中国圆果种黄麻茎中花青素的遗传研究表明，其Ｆ２代群体有呈３：１，９：３：４，９：７或１３：３的分离比率，此遗传现象可以用Ｃ－ｃ，Ａ＾Ｄ－Ａ＾Ｌ－ａ和Ｒ－ｒ的基因互作和复等位基因的作用解释。     

小麦籽粒2A染色体PPO基因新分子标记的开发与应用

参照位于小麦2B染色体上的多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase)基因保守区序列(GenBank:AB254804)设计引物,以一组籽粒PPO活性两极端材料为扩增模板进行筛选,并以195份中国微核心种质材料对其有效性验证,旨在开发小麦籽粒PPO基因新分子标记。在设计的引物中,编号为F-4的引物PCR产物在籽粒PPO活性处于两极端的12份小麦品种中表现出规律性极强的多态性,在籽粒PPO活性极高的6个小麦品种扩增出了1条带(a),在籽粒PPO活性极低的6个小麦品种扩增出了3条带(a,b,c)。利用195个微核心种质材料对引物F-4进行有效性验证,其中123个材料扩增出了一条带(a带),其PPO均值为246.22A475U/(min·g·103),剩下的72个材料都扩增出3条带(a,b,c);其PPO活性均值为155.95A475U/(min·g·103);比前者低90.27A475U/(min·g·103),差异显著。在此基础上利用一套中国春缺体将b条带定位于2A染色体上。扩增序列Blast分析发现,b序列与EF070148序列(2Ab)重合区域为99%,相似达99%,基本可以认定为同一序列;a序列与EF070149序列(2Da)重合区域达99%,相似为98%,基本可以认定为同一序列。位于小麦2A染色体上的PPO基因分子标记F-4可以在小麦PPO活性分子育种中加以应用。     

Definition of the low molecular weight glutenin subunit gene family members in a set of standard bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) are a class of seed storage proteins that play a major role in the determination of the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. The LMW-GSs are encoded by multi-gene families at the Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci, with more than 15 genes present in most bread wheat varieties. However, the genic profile associated with different alleles has not been clearly defined. Here, the LMW-GSs in a set of standard varieties were analyzed using molecular markers. In most cases, each Glu-3 allele was represented by a specific haplotype; however, some alleles were undistinguishable. The Glu-A3e and Glu-A3g alleles showed an identical marker haplotype, as did the alleles Glu-B3c and Glu-B3d, and Glu-B3f and Glu-B3ab. In contrast, two haplotypes among varieties designated Glu-D3c were differentiated. The marker profiles present at the Glu-D3 locus exhibited less variation compared to the genes at the Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 loci. Results show the potential of the LMW-GS gene marker system in the characterization of the LMW-GS alleles present in specific bread wheat varieties, and its reconciliation with protein-based nomenclature. This approach will advance the understanding of the contribution of each of the LMW-GS gene alleles in the control of the end-use quality.     

Effect of Population Outcrossing Rate on Inbreeding Depression in Pinus contorta var. murrayana Seedlings

Self and cross families from three populations (A, low-density, ecologically marginal site for lodgepole pine, and B + C, normal sites) were cultured in a common outdoor nursery for 2 yrs. Previous results had shown higher natural selfing rates and lower inbreeding depression in embryo survival in A than in B + C. In the nursery test, selfing decreased means of size traits, retarded phenological development, increased variance among families within populations, increased the coefficient of within-family variance, and increased within-family skewness. The selfing depression of mean values was moderately less and the selfing inflation of within-plot variation was much less in A than in B + C. Results were compatible with the idea that the higher selfing rate in A had purged both severely deleterious alleles affecting embryo survival and severely deleterious alleles affecting later life-cycle traits related to plant size. Purging partially mitigated the genetic consequences associated with increased inbreeding in small populations, but even with purging, population A retained a large inbreeding depression in both embryonic and seedling traits.     

硬粒小麦品种Lpx-B1位点等位变异的分子鉴定及其脂肪氧化酶活性

硬粒小麦籽粒中脂肪氧化酶(LOX)与硬粒小麦面制品的加工品质关系密切相关, 而Lpx-B1位点不同变异类型对LOX活性有重要影响。对来自不同国家和地区的167份硬粒小麦品种的LOX活性进行测定, 并对其Lpx-B1位点不同变异类型进行分子鉴定。不同品种间LOX活性差异明显, 变幅为0.20～7.98 AU min^-1 g^-1。在Lpx-B1.1位点鉴定出3种等位变异, 分别为Lpx-B1.1a、Lpx-B1.1b和Lpx-B1.1c, 以Lpx-B1.1a所占比例最高(55.1%), 其次为Lpx-B1.1c (37.1%), 而Lpx-B1.1b仅占7.8%; Lpx-B1.2和Lpx-B1.3二者总是互补出现在不同的品种中, 146份品种为Lpx-B1.2型, 其余21份品种均为Lpx-B1.3型, 表明二者可能互为一对等位因子。在Lpx-B1.1位点的3种等位变异类型中, Lpx-B1.1b类型品种的LOX活性显著高于Lpx-B1.1a和Lpx-B1.1c类型品种, 而Lpx-B1.1c类型品种的LOX活性最低。Lpx-B1.3类型品种的LOX活性显著高于Lpx-B1.2类型的品种。参试品种共有6种Lpx-B1基因型组合, 其中Lpx-B1.1b/Lpx-B1.3基因型的LOX活性显著高于其他基因型, 而Lpx-B1.1c/Lpx-B1.2和Lpx-B1.1c/Lpx-B1.3基因型的LOX活性最低。这些观测结果为硬粒小麦品质育种提供了重要信息。