高羊茅腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因FaSAMDC的克隆与差异表达分析

在进行高羊茅光敏色素C基因5′端克隆时,筛选到腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因的5′端序列,根据5′端序列设计引物,扩增出该基因的3′端,拼接得到高羊茅腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因全序列,命名为FaSAMDC(GenBank登录号:HQ606139),利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究FaSAMDC基因在长日照与短日照条件下昼夜24 h的表达差异,为进一步揭示不同光周期调控FaSAMDC基因的表达奠定理论基础。FaSAMDC的cDNA全长1 964 bp,具有微型上游阅读框、小型上游阅读框和主阅读框3个开放阅读框,分别位于226～234,234～380和555～1 742 bp,微型上游阅读框和小型上游阅读框存在1个碱基重叠,主阅读框编码395个氨基酸,含有保守功能域:酶原剪切位点功能域和SAMDC蛋白快速降解有关的PEST功能域。对编码蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性分析表明,FaSAMDC与其他单子叶植物SAMDC蛋白的亲缘关系较近。在长日照和短日照处理条件下,FaSAMDC都具有3个表达峰。短日照处理条件下的表达峰比长日照处理条件下的表达峰早几个小时,但峰高低于长日照条件。由此说明,FaSAMDC基因的表达受光周期调控,与生物钟控制的昼夜节律有关。     

内生真菌与高羊茅之间的共生关系

从内生真菌的涵义及其基本生物学特征出发,着重对国内外近10 年来有关内生真菌与高羊茅关系的研究情况作了综述,主要包括内生真菌对高羊茅生长发育及其抗逆性的影响、内生真菌对高羊茅植物群落及生态系统的影响等,并对内生真菌研究的实际意义及其应用前景作了总结。     

Effects of forage type,body condition and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine cytochrome P450 regulatory region on cow productivity*

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the coding sequence of cytochrome p450 (CYP3A28) have been associated with milk yield and composition, and calving traits in cows. In this study, we aimed to determine whether (i) the CYP3A28 regulatory region was polymorphic and (ii) SNP genotype, forage type, body condition and their interactions affect cow productivity. Primers for CYP3A28 promoter were designed to amplify a 483‐bp segment by PCR. Amplicon sequences revealed seven SNP (T‐318C, T‐113A, C‐189T, T‐78G, A6G, G17A and T21C) in Brahman (38 cows), Brahman x Angus reciprocal crosses (47 cows) and crossbreds (98 cows). Angus cows (n = 41) appeared to be fixed at those SNP locations. Genotype and forage {endophyte‐infected tall fescue [KY+; Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire] vs. bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]} effects on lifetime (8‐years) calving rate, and calf weaning weights and heights were determined in Herd 1 (126 cows); genotype and BC (low vs. moderate) effects on calving date and calving percent were determined in Herd 2 (98 cows). Four SNP (T‐318C, T‐113A, A06G and T21C) appeared to be related to cattle productivity, CC cows at T‐318C having a lower (p < 0.05) lifetime calving rate than TC or TT cows (65%, 85% and 81% respectively). Cows that grazed KY+ and were TT at T‐318C produced calves that tended (p < 0.07) to weigh less than their contemporaries. Moreover, calves of TT cows were shorter (p < 0.05) at weaning than calves of CC or TC cows. In Herd 2, moderate‐BC cows that were TT or AA at T‐318C, T‐113A, T‐78G, A6G and T21C had greater (p < 0.05) calving rates (74–80%) than heterozygous cows (46–60%), and low‐BC cows that were AA at G17A calved at least 6 days earlier (p < 0.05) than heterozygous cows. Our findings suggest that SNP in the CYP3A28 regulatory region of Brahman‐influenced cows are associated with cattle productivity.     

Tall oil fatty acid inclusion in the diet improves performance and increases ileal density of lactobacilli in broiler chickens

1. Studies were conducted with tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) to determine their effect on broiler chicken performance and ileal microbiota. TOFA, a product originating from coniferous trees and recovered by fractional distillation of side-streams from pulp production, mainly comprises free long-chain fatty acids (~90%) and resin acids (~8%). Conjugated linolenic acids and pinolenic acid are characteristic fatty acid components of TOFA.

2. TOFA products at 750 mg/kg feed were tested in two 35-day broiler chicken trials, each using a wheat soya-based diet and with 12 replicate pens per treatment. In both trials, TOFA improved body weight gain at all time points (P < 0.001) and feed conversion efficiency during the first 21 days (P < 0.01). Two different dry TOFA formulations (silica carrier and palm oil coating) were tested and showed performance effects similar to liquid TOFA.

3. Ileal digesta of the broiler chickens was analysed for total eubacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 35. TOFA significantly increased total eubacteria and lactobacilli density on day 14 (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between these bacterial groups and broiler body weight on day 14 (P < 0.01).

4. A numerical reduction in C. perfringens was observed. In vitro growth inhibition studies showed that C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by 10 mg/l TOFA (P < 0.001), while common lactobacilli were resistant to >250 mg/l. The in vitro results were thus in line with in vivo observations.

5. The mechanisms behind the bacterial shifts and their role in performance improvement are unknown. Further purification of TOFA components is needed to identify the effective agents.     

高羊茅雄性不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为观察

采用卡宝品红染色制片法,对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)雄性不育植株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程及异常行为进行观察,结果发现,高羊茅减数分裂进程与小花大小、花药长度、色泽有较为密切的关系。减数分裂周期具有不同步性,同一制片中可观察到2～4个不同时期的分裂相,这种现象是高羊茅在进化过程中环境适应的一种表现,有利于增强种群繁殖稳定性。本研究还发现,减数分裂过程中存在大量单价体、染色体桥、落后染色体、不均等分离、微核、三分体等异常现象,初步分析确定这些小孢子异常分裂是导致高羊茅花粉败育的重要原因之一。     

高羊茅品种试验研究

１９９６年本所试验园进行了高羊茅品种特性对比试验,经过对供试草种的密度,均匀性,色泽,抗性等进行测定分析。结果表明;供试的６个品种,只要养护水平能跟上,在合肥地区均能保持四季常青。     

多效唑对高羊茅叶片糖酶活性的影响

高羊茅草坪草施用多效唑后，叶片的垂直生长受抑，叶片光合同化物向根系运输增强，叶片和根系中淀粉及可溶性糖含量升高。数据表明：叶片中淀粉含量与淀粉酶活性呈正相关（r=0.88)。，另外，叶片中酸性转化酶活性增加，但中性转化酶活性降低，且叶片中可溶性碳水化合物含量一直维持在较高水平，说明酸性转化酶在多效唑对草坪草叶片垂直生长的调节中起重要作用。草坪草生长动态的变化与多效唑改变碳水化合物代谢酶活性有关。可溶性糖的积累有利于增强草坪草抗逆性，促进新器官的发生。     

不同盐分胁迫对高冰草种子发芽的影响

对高冰草种子在4种盐分NaCl、Na2SO4、Na2CO3、NaHCO3的8个不同浓度(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%、1.6%)的胁迫下进行发芽试验,分别观测其发芽情况,胚根和幼苗的生长。结果表明:高冰草种子的发芽率随盐分浓度的增加而降低。其耐盐顺序为Na2SO4>NaCl>NaHCO3>Na2CO3。     

贵州高羊茅新品种(系)比较试验

2007-2010年对选育鉴定的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)新品系,按照完全随机区组排列设计方法,进行品种比较试验.结果表明,在株高30～40 cm时刈割测产,大方高羊茅每年的鲜草产量和干物质产量都比对照Fawn高许多,其中第2年的鲜草产量和干物质产量分别为87 825和15 360 kg/hm2,...     

四个高羊茅品种在上海的引种适应性研究

研究了 4个品种的高羊茅在上海的引种适应性 ,并定期对其抗热性、绿度、密度、抗病性进行打分评定 ,结果表明 ,Houndog5和 Cochise品种较耐热 ,且对真菌病害抵抗力强 ,Cochise对锈病的抵抗力也强 ,但其颜色受气温影响大。