Synergistic effects of Miconazole and Polymyxin B on microbial pathogens

The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.     

肝龙胶囊联合水飞蓟宾胶囊对肝纤维化大鼠的治疗作用

观察肝龙胶囊联合水飞蓟宾胶囊对肝纤维化大鼠的治疗效果,探讨肝龙胶囊是否对水飞蓟宾胶囊抗肝纤维化具有增效的作用。用猪血清制备大鼠肝纤维化模型,水飞蓟宾胶囊临床给药剂量单用及联合不同剂量肝龙胶囊处理肝纤维化大鼠,通过试剂盒及酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测大鼠血清和肝组织内肝纤维化标志物透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)、层黏素(laminin,LN)、血清Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽(procollagenⅢN-termi,PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原(typeⅣcollagen,Ⅳ-C)及转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β1)、Ⅰ型胶原(collagen typeⅠ,Col-Ⅰ)的含量,以及肝脏内丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,AST)、谷丙转氨酶(Cereal third transaminase,ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,γ-GT)的含量。与模型组比较,各治疗组中大鼠血清肝纤维化标志物的含量均低于模型组(P<0.05);肝龙胶囊与水飞蓟素联合用药与单用水飞蓟宾组相比,可使大鼠血清内HA和TGF-β1的含量显著降低(P<0.05);大鼠肝脏组织中除PCⅢ外,其余血清肝纤维化标志物的含量治疗组均低于模型组。肝组织中的γ-GT和ALT高剂量联合给药组显著降低,AST无显著差异,MDA中剂量联合给药组显著升高。说明肝龙胶囊可增强水飞蓟宾胶囊对猪血清性肝纤维化大鼠的抗肝纤维化作用。     

Bt星光4号虫体连续传代及增效作用的研究

为了保持和提高星光4号菌株的优良特性,在5～6龄的马尾松毛虫上进行连续接种传代试验。结果表明:不同虫体及不同传代数的分离物之间的毒力差异明显,其中第九代分离物较之原始菌株毒力提高了19.6％。因而,生产上的复壮所采用的菌株代数,必须经过严格的毒力测定后才能确定。该菌株与某些农药混合使用有增效作用,其中与溴氰菊酯混合使用经共毒系数分析,毒力增加了1.81倍。     

甲氰胺混配乳油对柑桔全爪螨的药效试验及联合毒力测定

由甲氰菊酯（灭扫利）和水胺硫磷复配而成的22％甲氰胺混配乳油，其稀释3000～4000倍液，对柑桔全爪螨（Panonychuscitri）有良好的防治效果，室内药效达99．38％～100％。田间药效为94．70％～100％。室内毒力测定结果，甲氰胺混配乳油的LC50为21．02mg／L，灭扫利的为28.75mg／L，水胺硫磷的为153.62mg／L，甲氰胺的毒力显著高于两种单体；共毒系数达205.79，表现出显著的增效作用。     

长链脂肪酸对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响及其相互作用研究

采用间歇培养实验研究了辛酸、癸酸和月桂酸等三种长链脂肪酸对UASB反应器厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的毒性，以及癸酸对辛酸和月桂酸抑制作用的影响。结果表明，辛酸、癸酸和月桂酸对UASB反应器厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性有严重抑制，对厌氧颗粒污泥最大比产甲烷活性产生50%抑制的浓度(IC     

Interaction of mineral and cytokinin supply in control of leaf senescence and seed growth in soybean explants

Abstract

The leaves of intact soybean plants (Glycine max. L. Merrill) characteristically turn yellow and abscise during pod maturation, and this may limit seed growth. We have used soybean expiants (excised 10 cm stem sections with a leaf and midfill pod attached) to study interactive effects of nutrient and hormone supply on leaf senescence symptoms and seed yield. Whereas mineral nutrients or cytokinin (zeatin) alone delayed development of visible leaf senescence symptoms in explants, a combination of mineral nutrients with zeatin acted synergistically to maintain green coloration throughout pod maturation and reduced declines in levels of leafsoluble protein and chlorophyll. The combination of complete mineral nutrients with zeatin gave seed yields equivalent to those in intact plants. Withdrawal of zeatin or individual mineral nutrients (particularly N and S) from the nutrient solution enhanced leaf senescence symptoms and reduced seed yields.     

Genomic and biological diversity of the African cassava geminiviruses

The virological situation of cassava in Africa is increasing in complexity due to the number and types of viruses isolated from different locations within the continent. Here, we report the complete nucleotide sequences of both A and B components of two geminivirus species infecting cassava in the Ivory Coast and review the current knowledge of the molecular and biological diversity of the African cassava geminiviruses. As a whole, newly obtained sequences are compared with those of the African cassava mosaic geminiviruses identified to date. Results indicate that all isolates of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), irrespective of their geographical origin are clustered together with little or no variation in their genomic sequence. On the contrary, the genomes of the East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) are more genetically diverse due to the frequent occurrence of recombinations within their two components. Indeed, the EACMV-like viruses vary so much that their classification is becoming problematic. In addition, there is also a large range of phenotypic symptom variation for each of these virus species, irrespective of the location of isolation. Furthermore, it has been shown that ACMV and EACMV can be synergistic in cassava, resulting in a greater DNA accumulation and consequently inducing severe symptoms. For all these reasons, this paper initiates a discussion concerning the species demarcation for cassava geminivirus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水产健康养殖理念与发展对策

为了给哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)疾病防治新手段的开发提供基础实验数据,筛选了协同抗哈维氏弧菌的乌梅(Fructus mume)水提液与抗生素复合物。首先绘制药物浓度对数对抑菌圈直径标准曲线,采用全组合法筛选与乌梅水提液具有协同抗菌活性的抗生素,然后采用中心组合设计法(CCD)结合响应面法(RSM)分析乌梅水提液与筛出抗生素复合后两两药物间的交互作用,并确定最佳复合配比。全组合法筛出的四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素分别与乌梅水提液具有协同抗菌作用,RSM分析显示将这4种药物复合后,乌梅水提液与土霉素对哈维氏弧菌存在显著协同抗菌作用;土霉素分别与金霉素和强力霉素存在交互抑制作用;乌梅水提液、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素最佳复合配比为45∶0.12∶0.00∶0.00 (mg·mL^–1)。模型预测最优复合物对哈维氏弧菌的抑菌圈直径为18.54 mm,琼脂扩散法平行3次测得该复合物的抑菌圈直径为(19.03±0.07) mm,相对误差为2.6%,表明该方法结果可靠,为考察药物间的交互作用提供了新思路。     

Interactions of fungicide-insecticide combinations against Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in soil

The inhibition of mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani in vitro was strongest with pencycuron, followed by tolclofos-methyl, carboxin and thiabendazole. Against cowpea seedling rot in soil infested with R. solani, tolclofos-methyl was most effective, followed by pencycuron, thiabendazole and carboxin. Of nine insecticides tested, only parathion-methyl and quinalphos suppressed mycelial growth of R. solani in vitro, although their activity was much lower than that of the four tested fungicides. The inhibition of mycelial growth by fungicide-insecticide mixtures was antagonistic in only two out of 36 combinations; it was additive in most cases or synergistic, e.g. for most mixtures of pencycuron and insecticides. Quinalphos, applied to the soil, was the only insecticide which reduced cowpea seedling rot in soil infested with R. solani. Soil application of parathion-methyl, phorate, aldicarb or carbofuran and seed treatment with phosphamidon, monocrotophos, endosulfan or dimethoate had little or no effect on seedling rot. Carboxin gave better disease control when applied to the seed already coated with phosphamidon, monocrotophos, endosulfan or dimethoate and when carboxin-treated seeds were sown in soil treated with quinalphos, parathion-methyl, aldicarb or carbofuran. Efficacy of thiabendazole seed treatment was slightly higher in the presence of insecticides, particularly dimethoate. Pencycuron and tolclofos-methyl as seed treatment gave nearly 100% disease control both in the presence and absence of insecticides. The synergistic interactions detected between fungicides and insecticides represent interesting opportunities for the control of R. solani.