基于非靶向代谢组学的特色寒地浆果滋味品质分析

为探究笃斯越橘、蓝靛果、树莓、黑加仑4种特色寒地浆果滋味特点,及其滋味形成的特征性物质组成,该研究基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-QTOF-MS）和气相色谱质谱法（gaschromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS）分别对4种浆果的非挥发性和挥发性物质进行鉴定和筛选,并进行公因子分析;同时进行4种浆果的电子舌分析及感官评价,得出4种浆果滋味品质模糊综合得分。结果显示：笃斯越橘糖酸比为4.41,特征性挥发性物质为α-松油醇和苯甲醛,电子舌酸味响应值最强;黑加仑糖酸比为3.80,特征性挥发性物质为苯乙醇和乙酸,各滋味响应值相当;蓝靛果糖酸比为3.37,总酚含量最高,特征性挥发性物质为正己醇和3-己烯-1-醇,咸味和鲜味响应值最高;树莓糖酸比为8.19,特征性挥发性物质为乙酸和α-紫罗酮,甜味和苦味响应值最高;经筛选鉴定及统计分析得出4种浆果的非挥发性物质中有显著差异的化合物有10种,分别为塔格糖、乳酸、阿洛酮糖、草酸、柠檬酸、天冬氨酸、茜草苷、6α-甘露二糖、蔗糖和异槲皮素。滋味感官模糊综合评分由大到小为树莓、蓝靛果、笃斯越橘、黑加仑;因子分析结果表明4种浆果滋味组成得分由大到小排序依次为黑加仑、蓝靛果、笃斯越橘和树莓。该研究结果可为4种寒地浆果的产品开发滋味调控提供理论依据。     

Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop

Effects of varying the proportions of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ in the growth medium on seedling growth and tomato fruit yield (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Trust F1) were investigated in greenhouse hydroponic experiments. The presence of NH₄⁺ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves. However, at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH₄⁺, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %, and enhanced taste/flavor of the fruits. In DIC‐enriched treatment, pH was maintained at 5.8 by addition of KHCO₃ or as CaCO₃. The presence of NH₄⁺, at 10 % of total N, inhibited NO₃^— uptake rates by ˜ 27 %. The rates of uptake of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ were comparable (13.3 and 14.2 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the presence of DIC, and 14.7 and 14.0 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the absence of DIC), despite such a large difference in their concentrations in the nutrient feed solution. A higher proportion of NH₄⁺ (up to 50 % of total N) had no further significant effect upon early vegetative growth, but in a long‐term experiment resulted in a high incidence of blossom end‐rot (BER) disease, thereby severely curtailing fruit yield. The presence of even 1.1 mM NH₄⁺ reduced Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ accumulation in the leaves as well as in fruits.     

叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾铵对猕猴桃果实发育和品质的影响研究

为促进猕猴桃果实发育,提高果实品质,以中华绿肉猕猴桃为试验品种,叶面喷施0.5%磷酸二氢钾铵,研究喷施叶面肥磷酸二氢钾铵对猕猴桃果实发育和品质的影响。结果表明,喷施叶面肥磷酸二氢钾铵可促进果实果梗长度、粗度以及果实横径、纵径的发育;显著提高猕猴桃果实中维生素C含量,但对猕猴桃果实重量、可溶性固形物含量及可滴定酸含量无显著影响。     

几类干草防腐剂简介

对牧草进行打捆储藏可以有效降低牧草营养损失,但储藏过程中因微生物的作用会导致牧草发热甚至腐败从而降低其饲用价值。因此,在干草调制过程中,应添加干草防腐剂以抑制微生物的生长和繁殖。本文对几种常用干草防腐剂进行介绍,以供同行调制干草时参考。     

反刍动物木本饲料的组合效应

本文综述了反刍动物木本饲料的组合效应,并对该类饲料(多含次生代谢物)的组合效应进行了分类,指出了其与常规饲料组合效应的异同及今后值得重点研究的几个问题。同时还就此类饲料组合效应的研究方法进行了比较,指出应在体外产气技术的基础上结合动物饲养试验来进行木本饲料的组合效应及其营养代谢机理的研究。     

常用国产阳离子季胺盐在蚕业消毒中的性能与应用

本文作了若干国产季胺盐对蚕业病原物的杀灭效果试验,并探讨了环境中的pH、温度,有机物,作用时间,无机离子,纤维物等对季胺盐药效的影响,及添加1％新鲜石灰后季胺盐的杀菌情况变化,认为季胺盐石灰浆在蚕业消毒中应该与漂白粉类互相补充,作为蚕业环境的常用消毒剂。文中还对季胺盐消毒效果测定中的若干问题进行了分析与讨论。     

Effect of ammonium‐iron‐hexa‐cyanoferrate and of the covariates age,gender, weight,season and calendar time on radiocaesium contamination of wild boars living in the wild in Bavaria

Feed with Ammonium‐iron‐hexa‐cyanoferrate (AFCF; 1250 mg AFCF/kg) was fed between March 2009 and March 2011 to wild boars in a territory of 4.5 km² (experimental group, EXP). One hundred and forty similar territories in the same county (500 km², spruce forest, agriculture) served as control (CON). Data for comparison from all territories were available from March 2005 to March 2011. Wild boars could move between, into and from the territories. Lean skeletal muscle meat (500 g) of all wild boars that were killed by humans (hunting and traffic accidents) was investigated for gamma‐radiation from ¹³⁷Cs with a becquerel monitor with a sodium iodide scintillator crystal (range of detection 20–9999 Bq/kg). The wild boars were weighed, and gender and age were determined. For the analyses of effects, multivariable regression models were fitted with the ¹³⁷Cs concentration as response variable. There was a significant difference between the ¹³⁷Cs contamination of wild boars from CON (563 ± 932 Bq/kg meat, n = 1253) and EXP (236 ± 276 Bq/kg meat; n = 45). ¹³⁷Cs contamination decreased with increasing body weight by ?5 Bq/kg meat/kg body weight increase (p < 0.05). Females had higher Bq measurements than males (by +80 Bq/kg meat, p < 0.05). Piglets were lower than adults, but turn‐coats higher. From November to May, contamination was higher (by +500 to +600 Bq/kg meat, p < 0.05) than during the rest of the year. In 2010, contamination was higher (by +200 to + 300 Bq/kg meat, p < 0.05) in comparison with the other years under observation. When all covariates were controlled for, the effect of AFCF was highly significant. Interaction analyses showed that the intervention decreased ¹³⁷Cs contamination by ?500 Bq/kg meat during November to May and by ?200 Bq/kg meat during the rest of the year. In summary, AFCF feeding reduces ¹³⁷Cs contamination of wild boars living in the wild significantly, particularly during the season from November to May.     

紫花苜蓿对九种杂草的化感作用

试验运用生物测定法研究了紫花苜蓿叶化感物质对九种受体植物的作用.结果表明,紫花苜蓿叶提取物对多变小冠花的发芽势和发芽率具有抑制作用,与对照差异显著(P＜0.05);提取物对高羊茅种子的发芽势有促进作用,与对照差异显著(P＜0.05),其最终发芽率也增加(P＜0.05);除狗尾草外,其余八种受体植物的胚根长度都受到紫花苜蓿叶提取物的抑制,与对照的差异均显著(P＜0.05);提取物对稗草、狗尾草、高羊茅、毛马唐和多变小冠花的苗长具有促进作用,与对照差异均显著(P＜0.05);反枝苋的苗长则受到抑制(P＜0.05);提取物对受体植物的幼苗鲜重均有不同程度的影响,虎尾草、匍匐翦股颖、巴哈雀稗、反枝苋和多变小冠花幼苗鲜重明显降低,与对照差异达显著水平(P＜0.05).     

绵羊中草药饲料添加剂预试初报

为了帮助我国北方旱区或半干旱区绵羊度过草枯严寒的漫长冬、春季，开发研制一种能够提高现有草料利用率的绵羊中草药饲料添加剂。根据中兽医药学的辨证施治理论，采用小鼠日粮添加倍量秸秆粉和不同中草药复方的方法，在120只小鼠上进行了增重率和重料比的中草药复方的筛选研究。结果表明，以益气养血和消食健胃为主的两个中草药复方能够较好地改善小鼠的增重率和重料比。     

湖羊肌肉营养成分组成及风味物质研究

选取5、10、18月龄及4岁湖羊各10只,屠宰后取背最长肌和肱三头肌分析常规营养成分;取10月龄湖羊背最长肌分析氨基酸;取肱三头肌测风味物质。结果表明:湖羊肌肉水分含量随年龄增长而降低(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪、粗灰分的含量随年龄增长而增加(P<0.05)。湖羊肌肉蛋白质中8种必需氨基酸组成全面,与FAO模式比较,各种氨基酸评分均接近或大于1。湖羊肌肉脂肪中检测到的70种挥发性风味化合物,包括14种酸、7种酮、9种醛、5种醇、10种酯类、13种烃、12种其他化合物(包括呋喃、吡嗪、吡啶、吲哚等含氮硫氧等杂环化合物)。其中酯类含量最高,占肉中总风味物24.1%~28.3%,其次为烃和酸,分别占20.5%~21.2%和19.0%~20.0%。