Allergenic pollen of ornamental plane trees in a Mediterranean environment and urban planning as a prevention tool

Green spaces and urban green infrastructure are new concepts in urban planning, and lately, the influence of green spaces in cities and how this presence affects local climate change have been taken into account. Moreover, some of the ornamental trees most used in cities provoke allergic symptoms in sensitized people. Due to the importance the plane trees in our parks and cities have as ornamental trees, this article assesses the urban Platanus airborne pollen concentration in the air of five cities of the SW Iberian Peninsula and tries to determine the differential factors that its distribution has by means of combining continuous monitoring of the air using volumetric spore traps and the geolocation of plane trees. They were counted separately according to the direction (Q1 NE, Q2 SE, Q3 SW, Q4 NW) around the spore trap location in circles of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 m in diameter. Pollen sums were distributed according to the predominant wind direction for each day. The highest concentrations for Platanus pollen were recorded in Don Benito. Differences amongst pollen stations were found and were mainly related to their degree of maturity and their proximity to spore traps, and finally, with the number of plane trees. Furthermore, other factors, as the pruning, which is different in each city and even in a more local way, affects pollination and is frequently unknown to aerobiological studies. The geolocation of ornamental trees can be a useful tool for providing summarized information about their behavioral differences amongst cities, which can be used to create healthy itineraries, minimizing the natural hazards in human health (allergic diseases) and could be implemented into a model to help policy-makers to create measures to improve green urban development.     

OPTIMAL CONDITIONS OF DIFFRENTIAL MULTIOBJECTIVE PROGRAMMING IN BANACH SPACES

In this paper,by the use of Farkas lemma and its inve-rse proposition,the generalized Kuhu-Tuoker conditions for the existanceof strong minimum point in differential multiobjective programming inBanach spaces and the existance of sufficient condition of weak Paretominimum Foint are derived.     

Evaluation method of the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and application conditions

The importance of ecological benefit analyses about green space systems has been widely discussed on the basis of a per-ceived bias towards the landscaping effect of green spaces to be built in urban areas as opposed to the perception of comprehensive ecological benefits of designed plant communities. Given the basic principle of ecological benefit analyses and evaluation methods widely applied today, the methodology to calculate ecological benefits and to model the expansion of urban green spaces by CITY-green 5.0 and its conditions for application were explored. We propose that aerial images can be substituted by AutoCAD graphics of a green space containing detailed information of plant dispositions by digitizing the key features during the working process in order to evaluate the ecological benefits quickly and to offer proper guidance to the establishment of small scale green spaces in urban areas. The theoretical foundation, potential application range and prospects for extension of the method are introduced by using the analysis of ecological benefits of the green spaces on the campus of Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, as an example.     

Social and Ecnomic Values of Urban Forestry：Malaysian Perspective

1 INTRODUCTIONUrban forestry means different things to differentpeople, depending on one’s perspective. Some peopleview urban forestry in terms of economic values,rather than cultural or social values, whereas othersmay perceive it in terms of all three types of values.As such, the management of urban green spaces maybe tailored to suchvalues. To Kuchelmeisterand TREECITY (1998), urban greening and urban forestry aretwo different fields altogether. They referred to urbangreening as t…     

基于IPA分析的上海典型滨江公共空间游憩满意度

上海黄浦滨江是国内滨水区建设的代表,如今已完成核心段两岸公共空间贯通,但各段发展并不均衡。文章以两岸4段典型公共空间为例,对社交媒体数据进行IPA分析,得到影响滨江各段公共空间游憩满意度的主要因素,并进一步通过方差分析了解4段滨江之间的差异情况。结果表明:1)滨江公共空间整体游憩满意度较高,但多段商业服务、外部交通、管理维护因素的满意度偏低;2)满意度由高到低为:徐汇滨江>世博滨江>杨浦滨江>虹口滨江,体现3种不同的发展程度;3)不同段影响游憩满意度的主要因素不同。最后,根据研究结果对浦江两岸公共空间提出优化建议,以期为城市滨水区规划设计提供有效的技术支持和决策依据。     

Model averaging for genome‐enabled prediction with reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces: a case study with pig litter size and wheat yield

Predictive ability of yet‐to‐be observed litter size (pig) grain yield (wheat) records of several reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) regression models combining different number of Gaussian or t kernels was evaluated. Predictive performance was assessed as the average (over 50 replicates) predictive correlation in the testing set. Predictions from these models were combined using three different types of model averaging: (i) mean of predicted phenotypes obtained in each model, (ii) weighted average using mean squared error as weight or (iii) using the marginal likelihood as weight. (ii) and (iii) were obtained in a validation set with 5% of the data. Phenotypes consisted of 2598, 1604 and 1879 average litter size records from three commercial pig lines and wheat grain yield of 599 lines evaluated in four macro‐environments. SNPs from the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip and 1447 DArT markers were used as predictors for the pig and wheat data analyses, respectively. Gaussian and univariate t kernels led to same predictive performance. Multikernel RKHS regression models overcame shortcomings of single kernel models (increasing the predictive correlation of RKHS models by 0.05 where 3 Gaussian or t kernels were fitted in the RKHS models simultaneously). None of the proposed averaging strategies improved the predictive correlations attained with single models using multiple kernel fitting.     

Collection of urban tree products by households in poorer residential areas of three South African towns

The high rates of urban in-migration and poverty common in many developing country towns potentially increases the reliance of urban populations on the direct benefits provided by trees. Yet understanding of the extent of such use and the sources of these tree products is limited. Here we report on the extent of use of urban tree products by 450 households in the poorer areas of three towns along a rainfall gradient based on household questionnaires. We considered the proportion of households making use of each of several tree products and the collection or purchasing frequency which we disaggregated by source of the product, including trees in homesteads, urban spaces, edges of towns and via purchase from traders. Most households (91%) used firewood, which was most frequently collected from the urban fringe or purchased, although one-third at times also collected firewood from trees on their home plot. All households used fruits, most commonly sourced through purchase (98%), but nearly half of whom also supplemented by harvesting fruits from their home plot. Other products used included wood for building, fencing and utensils, herbal medicines, planting material and mulch. Collection of products from urban homestead trees was highest amongst households in the informal settlements and least in the more established townships. Residents of new low-cost housing areas made extensive use of urban tree products harvested in urban spaces because they had fewer homestead trees than residents of informal areas or townships. Overall, urban residents made use of a wide array of tangible products from trees which they sourced from a variety of places, including their homestead plot. This urges that planning agencies ensure that homestead plot sizes or other urban spaces that provide tree products are large enough to support the direct needs of poorer urban residents.     

Green justice in the city: A new agenda for urban green space research in Europe

In this short communication, we discuss European urban green space (UGS) research from an environmental justice perspective. We show that European UGS scholarship primarily focuses on functional values and managerial aspects of UGS, while paying less attention to equity in the enjoyment of and decision-making around UGS. On this basis we discuss potentials for European urban green space research to take up a more explicit environmental justice framing to shed much-needed light on injustices in European cities and inspire change in policy and practice.     

半序空间中具有算子压缩条件的不动点定理

用有界线性算子代替压缩常数，在序Banach空间中引入了几种压缩型映射，并证明了相应的不动点定理．     

基于多源空间数据的"三生"空间异质性评价与分区划定

为优化"三生"空间评价方法体系,探索海南岛"三生"空间聚集性与协调度特征并制定有效的空间分区方案,该研究从空间异质性角度出发,采用多源空间数据从栅格尺度上对同地类不同地块的"三生"空间功能进行评价,再通过空间自相关及三角坐标图分析乡镇尺度上"三生"空间的聚集性与协调度特征,并为国土空间优化提供相关分区方案。结果表明:1)海南岛生产空间高分值区域集中分布在沿海市县,呈"四周高、中间低,北部高、南部低"的分布特征,且城镇生产空间与农业生产空间有所差异;生活空间高分值区域多集中在各市县城镇范围内,整体呈"小集聚、大分散"的空间格局;生态空间高分值区域集中在中部地区,呈"中间高、四周低,南部高、北部低"的分布格局。2)乡镇尺度上海南岛生产、生活、生态空间功能值的Moran’sI指数分别为0.569,0.221和0.716,表现出空间自相关性特征,据此面向全岛提出基于空间聚集性的"三生"空间分区方案。3)海南岛各乡镇"三生"空间存在较大的协调度差异,高值区以生态主导和"三生"协调型为主,分别占乡镇总数的51.72%与43.97%;低值区则以生态主导型为主,占乡镇总数的72.41%,据此面向全岛提出基于空间协调度的"三生"空间分区方案。该研究有效识别了同地类不同地块"三生"空间的异质性,并从空间聚集性与协调度视角提出"三生"空间分区管制方案,能够为当前国土空间优化提供参考。