Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

Purification and some properties of Papaya meleira virus, a novel virus infecting papayas in Brazil

'Meleira', or 'sticky disease', is currently the most damaging papaya disease in the mid-eastern Brazilian growing regions. Consistent disease transmission via latex injection, presence of similar isometric particles in the laticiferous vessels of diseased plants, and detection of double-stranded DNA in naturally and experimentally infected papaya trees suggest that a virus is the causal agent. Conclusive evidence for viral aetiology was previously lacking, mostly because every attempt to purify the putative virus from infected papayas had failed. Following the successful purification and partial characterization of the meleira virus, healthy papaya seedlings injected with purified virus particles later developed typical symptoms of the disease. Negatively stained, isometric, full and 'empty' purified virus particles measured 42 and 38 nm, respectively. The viral genome was a single dsRNA molecule of about 12 kbp. Several capsid proteins, ranging in size from 14·4 to 45 kDa, were consistently revealed by PAGE. Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) appears to represent a novel group of viruses, with no known similar counterpart among known plant-, vertebrate-, invertebrate- or prokaryote-infecting viruses.     

诱导剂对番木瓜环斑病毒病的防治效果

为了探讨水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯和壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病的病情指数和防治效果的影响,在番木瓜上喷施不同浓度的诱导剂,然后在叶腋处接种番木瓜环斑病毒,观察和记录番木瓜的病情指数,计算其防治效果.结果表明,诱导剂提高了番木瓜对环斑病毒病的抗性,其中水杨酸的效果优于茉莉酸甲酯和壳聚糖.水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯和壳聚糖的最佳施用浓度分别为50 mg/L、0.05 mmol/L和1％,最佳防治效果则分别为77.19％、53.11％和22.95％.水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯、壳聚糖与对照之间的防治效果差异极显著,3种诱导剂在最佳浓度下防治效果差异极显著.50 mg/L水杨酸对番木瓜环斑病毒病防治效果最佳,在生产上施用具有一定的经济效益.     

番木瓜果实中芥子酶基因组织差异表达和酶活性研究

检测了番木瓜果实3个发育时期(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)的果皮(外果皮)、果肉(内果皮)及种子中芥子酶的活性,并通过RT-PCR分析CpTGG1、CpTGG2和 CpTGG3三个番木瓜芥子酶基因在番木瓜果实各组织的差异性表达情况。结果表明,番木瓜果皮及种子中均有明显的芥子酶活性,但在果肉中无法检测出芥子酶活性;成熟后(Ⅲ期)番木瓜果皮的芥子酶活性相比未成熟前提高了6.6倍,而不同发育时期种子中的芥子酶并不表现出显著差异性。RT-PCR分析结果表明,番木瓜芥子酶基因在番木瓜果实中的表达存在显著时空差异性。其中,CpTGG1在番木瓜果皮及种子中均有表达,且表达量无明显差异,在果肉中完全无表达;CpTGG2在番木瓜果实的各个组织中均无表达;CpTGG3在果皮及种子中也均有表达,成熟果皮(Ⅲ期)和Ⅰ期种子中表达量比较强,并随着果实的发育成熟而呈现梯度变化。     

网室遮荫栽培对木瓜的光合作用“午休”的影响

为了研究网室遮荫栽培对两个木瓜品种光合作用的影响,我们利用便携式光合仪测定了木瓜的光合作用日变化、光响应曲线以及叶绿素荧光.结果表明①光合作用日进程中,网室内的气温(Ta)、光强(PFD)及叶内外蒸汽压差(VPD)在中午都显著低于网室外(P≤0.05).网室内栽培的木瓜的光合速率(An)、气孔导度(gs)、细胞间CO2浓度(Ci)都出现“双峰曲线”,即未出现“午休”,而网室内栽培的正好相反.②在网室外自然光照下两种木瓜gsVPD响应VPD升高时,gs下降,呈显著负相关,这也是中午光合速率受到限制的原因之一.而网室栽培gsVPD相关不显著(P≤0.05).③网室内木瓜的叶绿素荧光FvFm午间的下降幅度显著低于网室外木瓜(P≤0.05).④网室内木瓜光响应曲线中光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)低,表观量子效率()高的特征,表明木瓜在网室适度遮荫的条件下的耐荫的适度性表现.以上表明在华南地区,网室栽培有助于缓解植物在中午的强光、高温以及高湿的条件下产生的光抑制,避开“午休”,从而积累更多的有机碳,提高光合效率,具有推广的潜力.     

成龄番木瓜组培快繁技术研究

对番木瓜芽的消毒方法、增殖培养、生根培养等进行了研究。结果表明,番木瓜外植体采用热水处理10 min、75%酒精消毒30 s、15%次氯酸钠消毒5 min、0.1%升汞消毒17 min后的消毒效果最好;在番木瓜生根前利用壮苗培养基培养较高、较粗壮的番木瓜幼苗,可以提高生根率;生根后须及时转入未添加IBA的培养基中进行培养,才能获得质量较好的木瓜生根苗,从而提高木瓜苗的移栽成活率。     

栽培基质及水分胁迫对盆栽番木瓜生长的影响

为了筛选最适宜盆栽番木瓜的基质,以矮生番木瓜品种"红玲"雌株为材料,用5种不同基质配比, 结合水分胁迫处理进行盆栽试验.结果表明:40%菜园土+20%沙壤土+20%泥炭土+20%草木灰、40%沙壤土+20%菜园土+20%泥炭土+20%草木灰两种基质适合番木瓜盆栽,其生长结果及根系表现良好.当浇水量为正常浇水量90%时不影响植株生长结果;正常浇水量80%时使植株矮化,但不影响结果;正常浇水量70%及以下的浇水量严重影响植株生长结果及果实大小.     

番木瓜ERF家族与果实成熟相关成员的分析

通过比较分析番木瓜ERF家族成员的系统进化关系、基本理化性质、保守基序、启动子顺式元件,结合分析番木瓜在乙烯利和乙烯抑制剂1–甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理下以及不同成熟期果肉的RNA-seq数据,筛选出22个ERF家族成员进行表达差异分析,最终比较得出两个处理数据中显著差异表达基因有18个,推测这些基因可能在番木瓜果实成熟过程中起重要作用。     

Effect of ammonium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on anthracnose of papaya

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal organism of anthracnose inCarica papaya L. (papaya, papaw). The effect of ammonium carbonate (3%) or sodium bicarbonate (2%) in aqueous solution or when incorporated into a wax formulation on anthracnose severity in inoculated or naturally infected fruits was examined. Both salts had significant effects, but that of ammonium carbonate was greater than that of sodium bicarbonate in controlling anthracnose. Ammonium carbonate (3%) incorporated into the wax formulation effectively reduced anthracnose incidence by 70% in naturally infected papaya and extended the storage life by maintaining the firmness, color and overall quality of the fruit in low temperature storage (13.5°C) and 95% r.h. for 21 days followed by 2 days under marketing conditions. The mode of action of ammonium carbonate on the control of anthroacnose appears to bevia complete inhibition of radial mycelial growth and conidia germination. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 14, 2002.     

番木瓜WRKY转录因子家族基因鉴定及其响应短孢炭疽菌侵染的表达分析

【目的】在全基因组水平鉴定番木瓜(Carica papaya L.) WRKY（CpWRKY）转录因子家族基因,并对其在短孢炭疽菌侵染下的表达量进行分析,为CpWRKYs 家族的功能研究和利用奠定基础。【方法】采用生物信息学方法,鉴定和筛选CpWRKYs转录因子家族基因成员,并对其进行系统进化分析、基因结构分析、蛋白保守基序预测和启动子顺式作用元件分析;同时以番木瓜炭疽病耐性品种和敏感性品种为材料,利用短孢炭疽菌侵染采后果实,于0,24,48 h 取样,对其转录组学数据进行分析,筛选2个品种中差异表达的CpWRKY基因,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)试验对筛选结果进行验证。【结果】经系统分析从番木瓜中共鉴定出48个CpWRKYs成员,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ 3类;其中第Ⅱ类成员最多,可分为Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱd和Ⅱe 5个亚类。CpWRKYs家族成员的氨基酸残基数目为97~747 个,等电点为4.83~9.71,为亲水性蛋白,大部分CpWRKYs的结构域高度保守,但有个别蛋白保守域缺失。在 CpWRKYs家族中共预测到10个保守基序,其中包括含有WRKY七肽结构域的基序1、含锌指结构的基序2和同时含有七肽序列和锌指结构的基序3,其中基序3为大多数I类CpWRKY转录因子N端WRKY结构域所特有。CpWRKYs含有1~6个外显子,同一家族或亚家族成员在基因结构上表现出一定的相似性,同时在CpWRKYs启动子中检测到大量与生物胁迫和非生物胁迫相关的元件。对短孢炭疽菌侵染番木瓜的转录组数据进行分析,在番木瓜耐性品种中筛选出了特异表达的CpWRKY22、CpWRKY11、CpWRKY2、CpWRKY33和CpWRKY25,RT-qPCR检测结果显示,这些基因在耐性品种中特异上调表达,在敏感性品种中的表达量无明显变化。【结论】番木瓜WRKY家族共包括48个成员,该家族基因结构和蛋白基序具有组间差异性和组内保守性。CpWRKYs家族成员强烈响应炭疽菌侵染,其中CpWRKY22、CpWRKY11、CpWRKY2、CpWRKY33和CpWRKY25是有潜力的抗炭疽病候选基因。