Comparing microbial biomass, denitrification enzyme activity, and numbers of nitrifiers in the rhizospheres of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula pendula seedlings by microscale methods

 Flushes of C and N from fumigation-extraction (FE-C and FE-N, respectively), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and numbers of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₂ ^– oxidizers were studied in the rhizospheres of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce [(Picea abies (L.) Karsten] and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings growing in soil from a field afforestation site. The rhizosphere was defined as the soil adhering to the roots when they were carefully separated from the rest of the soil in the pots, termed as "planted bulk soil". Soil in unplanted pots was used as control soil. All seedlings had been grown from seed and had been infected by the natural mycorrhizas of soil. Overall, roots of all tree species tended to increase FE-C, FE-N, SIR and DEA compared to the unplanted soil, and the increase was higher in the rhizosphere than in the planted bulk soil. In the rhizospheres tree species did not differ in their effect on FE-C, FE-N and DEA, but SIR was lowest under spruce. In the planted bulk soils FE-C and SIR were lowest under spruce. The planted bulk soils differed probably because the roots of spruce did not extend as far in the pot as those of pine and birch. The numbers of both NH₄ ⁺ and NO₂ ^–oxidizers, determined by the most probable number method, were either unaffected or decreased by roots, with the exception of the spruce rhizosphere, where numbers of both were increased. Received: 26 August 1998     

Nitrification activity in tropical rain forest soils of the Coastal Lowlands and Atherton Tablelands,Queensland, Australia

Intact soil cores from a montane tropical rain forest site in the Atherton Tablelands (Kauri Creek) and from a lowland tropical rain forest site in the Coastal Lowlands (Bellenden Ker), Queensland, Australia were investigated during different hygric seasons for the magnitude of gross nitrification rates using the Barometric Process Separation technique (BaPS). Pronounced seasonal variations of gross nitrification rates were found at both sites with highest values during the transition period between dry and wet season (montane site: 24.0 mg N (kg SDW)^—1 d^—1; lowland site: 13.1 mg N (kg SDW)^—1 d^—1) and significantly lower rates of gross nitrification during the dry and wet season. Rates of gross nitrification were always higher at the montane site than at the lowland site, but the opposite was found for N₂O emissions. The results indicated that the high losses of N₂O at the lowland tropical rain forest site may be contributed largely by high denitrification activity due to its wetter and warmer climate as compared to the dryer and colder climate at the montane tropical rain forest site. This conclusion was supported by analysis of cell numbers of microbes involved in N‐cycling. Higher numbers of denitrifiers were present at the lowland site, whereas higher numbers of nitrifiers were found at the montane site.     

水力停留时间对活性污泥系统的硝化性能及其生物结构的影响

利用微生物呼吸醌指纹谱图结合传统分析方法研究了水力停留时间(HRT从30 h逐步缩短至5 h)对活性污泥硝化性能及种群结构的影响.结果表明,对于NH₄⁺-N浓度为500 mg·L^-1的废水,在HRT≥20 h时,氨氮去除率可达98%以上.若继续缩短HRT,污泥流失严重,尽管进水NH₄⁺-N浓度降低,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂     

Effectiveness of Chloride Compared to 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on Nitrification Inhibition in Soil

Microbial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate may impose dangers to ecosystem functioning through soil and atmosphere contamination with end products or intermediate gases. A wide range of chemicals can inhibit nitrification under soil and laboratory conditions. In the present study, the effectiveness of chloride compared to 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) as a standard nitrification inhibitor was evaluated. The results showed that DMPP (especially with double concentrations) inhibited nitrification for a longer time, until the end of incubation period. Chloride in the form of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) or potassium chloride (KCl) also significantly inhibited nitrification compared to the control during the 7-week incubation period. This inhibition was positively correlated with applied chloride concentrations in soil. During a 5-week incubation period, the strongest concentration (500 mg/kg soil) showed more inhibition than concentrations of 250 or 100 mg/kg soil, particularly when compared to control. The results suggest that beside commercial nitrification inhibitors, chloride can significantly inhibit microbial nitrification in soil. Therefore, when chloride is not a soil problem, the chloride form of nitrogen fertilizers (e.g., ammonium chloride) could be a proper nitrogen fertilizer.     

Effects of nitrogen deposition on animal-mediated nitrogen mobilization in coniferous litter

Summary In microcosm studies the organic layers of coniferous forest soils show high nitrate and low ammonium mobilization, in accord with the presence of high numbers of autotrophic nitrifiers. The fungivorous collembolan Tomocerus minor (Lubbock) increases ammonium mobilization, probably through its excretion products, and has an indirect effect on nitrate mobilization. An input of N seems to have a negative effect on the number of nitrifiers and on nitrate mobilization; a decrease in N mobilization in the presence of T. minor is probably due to stimulation of microbial growth, which has an immobilizing effect.     

Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia volatilization and abundance of N‐cycling genes in an agricultural soil

The effect of the combined application of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia volatilization and the abundance of nitrifier and denitrifier communities is largely unknown. Here, in a mesocosm experiment, ammonia volatilization was monitored in an agricultural soil treated with urea and either or both of the urease inhibitor N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and the nitrification inhibitor 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), with 50% and 80% water‐filled pore space (WFPS). The effect of the treatments on the abundance of bacteria and archaea was estimated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification of their respective 16S rRNA gene, that of nitrifiers using amoA genes, and that of denitrifiers by qPCR of the norB and nosZI denitrification genes. After application of urea, N losses due to NH₃ volatilization accounted for 23.0% and 9.2% at 50% and 80% WFPS, respectively. NBPT reduced NH₃ volatilization to 2.0% and 2.4%, whereas DMPP increased N losses by up to 36.8% and 26.0% at 50% and 80% WFPS, respectively. The combined application of NBPT and DMPP also increased NH₃ emissions, albeit to a lesser extent than DMPP alone. As compared with unfertilized control soil, both at 50% and 80% WFPS, NBPT strongly affected the abundance of bacteria and archaea, but not that of nitrifiers, and decreased that of denitrifiers at 80% WFPS. Regardless of moisture conditions, treatment with DMPP increased the abundance of denitrifiers. DMPP, both in single and in combined application with NBPT, increased the abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes.     

牙鲆自净式养殖槽中异养细菌和硝化细菌数量及硝化速率

对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)自净式养殖槽水层和过滤沙层的异养细菌和硝化细菌数量及硝化速率进行了研究，测得装有循环过滤装置的水槽水中和沙粒上异养细菌平均数量分别为2.32×10     

重金属镉添加对珠江河口农村和城市河流湿地土壤氮矿化过程的影响

以珠江河口农村河流湿地和城市河流湿地为研究对象,通过40 d室内培养实验研究了不同浓度的镉添加条件下(A:无添加;B:低浓度,15 mg·kg-1;高浓度,100 mg·kg-1)两类湿地土壤中有机氮的矿化过程,探讨了土壤关键酶、微生物及环境因子对有机氮矿化过程的作用机理。结果表明,不同浓度镉添加条件下两类湿地土壤的矿化速率均表现为初期波动较大而后期趋于稳定的变化趋势,且在40 d培养期内城市河流湿地土壤有机氮的矿化速率总体上大于农村河流湿地土壤;镉添加对培养初期有机氮的矿化具有促进作用,随着培养时间的延长,镉浓度增加抑制了农村河流湿地土壤有机氮的矿化,而低浓度镉却有利于城市河流湿地土壤有机氮的矿化;在培养期内两类湿地土壤有机氮的矿化速率均出现负值。土壤有机氮矿化与脲酶活性具有显著相关性(P0.05),重金属镉添加抑制了农村河流湿地土壤的脲酶活性,但在培养后期低浓度镉添加却促进了城市河流湿地土壤的脲酶活性。氨氧化古菌(AOA)在不同浓度镉添加下两种湿地土壤的氨氧化过程中都占据很高比例(农村:95.37%～97.86%;城市:52.13%～78.15%),表明其较氨氧化细菌(AOB)更能适应复杂的环境。随着珠江口工业化和城市化的快速发展,当镉污染超出了农村和城市河流湿地土壤的纳污能力时(尤其是农村),会抑制脲酶和硝化微生物活性,进而对有机氮的矿化过程造成不利影响。     

四株异养硝化细菌的鉴定及硝化能力的初步研究

从江苏通州、海安和吕四地区的养殖池塘浅层底泥中分离得到G、H、3-4和5-5四株具明显硝化活性的异养硝化细菌,通过形态学和生理生化研究,将上述菌株初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp．)。在外加有机碳源(丙酮酸钠0．01mol/L)的条件下对各菌株进行连续培养10 d后发现,随着各供试菌株生长量的增加,培养基中铵态氮和COD的含量均有明显下降。与对照组相比,铵态氮含量最大降幅达到了8％,COD最大降幅达到了32％。