江西省水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式初探

【目的】探索水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式节水减排效益。【方法】以鄱阳湖区双季早晚稻为试验材料,采用大田和测坑试验,研究了水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式对灌溉定额、排水定额、降雨有效利用率、产量、稻田水分生产率,以及氮、磷排放量的影响,并与间歇灌溉和常规淹水灌溉试验进行了分析比较。【结果】与淹水灌溉、间歇灌溉相比,蓄雨间歇灌溉灌排水量、灌排次数明显减少。双季早晚稻年平均灌水量分别减少975m^3/hm^2和1251m^3/hm^2,年平均灌水次数分别减少8次和7.5次;年平均排水量分别减少729 m^3/hm^2和893 m^3/hm^2,年平均排水次数分别减少5.8次和3.1次;蓄雨间歇灌溉降雨有效利用率明显提高。早稻降雨利用率分别提高12.40%和9.14%,晚稻分别提高6.84%和6.42%;蓄雨间歇灌溉模式下,双季早晚稻总氮排放量年平均减排7.64 kg/hm^2和3.12 kg/hm^2,减排幅度34.93%和14.26%;双季早晚稻总磷排放量0.180kg/hm^2和0.095kg/hm^2,减排幅度37.25%和70.59%。【结论】蓄雨间歇灌溉模式具有明显的节水、减排和提高降雨有效利用率的效果,在我国南方多雨地区具有较强的推广应用空间。     

不同曝气比率对蛋白核小球藻生长的影响

通过室内控制实验,研究了不同曝气比率对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长过程影响,构建了曝气比率与ODmax、μmax、Cmax的适配曲线。实验设置0%、2%、10%、20%、30%、50%、70%共计7组曝气比率,在1 000 lx光强和20℃条件下,采用BG-11培养基培养小球藻至稳定生长。结果显示,适宜的曝气能促进小球藻生长,其最适曝气比率为20%,过量曝气会抑制小球藻生长;曝气比率(x)与ODmax、Cmax、μmax拟合方程分别为:Omax=170.63x3-231.83x2+84.341x+1.8439(0x50%;R2=0.9850)、Cmax=15.844x3-19.803x2+6.8594x+0.0521(0x50%;R2=0.9285)、μmax=8.1202x3-11.428x2+4.4963x+0.1173(20%x30%;R2=0.8581);50%x70%的关系式有待进一步验证。探究不同曝气比率对小球藻生长的影响,可为其优化培养与资源化利用提供理论依据。     

养猪场粪污水生物处理工艺技术研究

通过对粪污水进行分离、沉淀、曝气、生物滤池和添加微生物菌群有机物的降解对比试验，优选出了一套工艺流程，并在北京东广德猪场进行了工程实践。结果表明，优选出的以生物滤池为主的好氧生物处理工艺降解效率高、设备投资少、运行费用低且管理方便。高速生物滤池的降解率可达90％以上，整个污水处理系统有机物的降解率达到93%～97％。从系统运行水质监测结果来看，在保证粪污水全面实现达标排放和猪粪(渣)无害化处理的前提下，这种处理工艺将各个单一处理技术有机地结合起来，形成一种综合处理与利用的系统工程，达到经济、社会、生态效益的高度统一。     

间歇升温对芒果果实冷害及谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸代谢的影响

紫花芒在冷害温度（２±５）℃下贮藏,经间歇升温处理后,延缓了２种抗氧化指标：还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）、还原型维生素Ｃ（ＡｓＡ）含量下降,这样维持较高水平的内源自由基清除剂较长时间,减慢了氧化型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＳＧ）、氧化型维生素Ｃ（ＤＨＡ）、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和细胞膜透性上升,明显减轻冷害症状,是一种有效的抗冷害措施。     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

Episodic blindness and ataxia in a horse with cholesterinic granulomas

An 11‐year‐old Oldenburg mare presented following three episodes of acute, transient blindness, ataxia, and disorientation within the preceding 7 months. Clinical improvement, including return of vision, occurred within 1 week of initiating corticosteroid therapy for each of the three episodes. However, mild right‐sided miosis was a consistent finding on ophthalmic examinations. Routine clinicopathologic testing revealed no significant abnormalities, and testing of cerebral spinal fluid for selected infectious diseases was unrewarding. Computed tomography of the brain demonstrated a hyperattenuating mass with peripheral mineralization in the rostroventral aspect of each lateral ventricle. The mare was euthanized due to a guarded to poor prognosis. On histopathology, the masses consisted of clusters of cholesterol clefts admixed with leukocytes, mineral deposits, and connective tissue. Cholesterinic granulomas of the lateral ventricles and hydrocephaly were diagnosed. Cholesterinic granulomas should be considered a differential diagnosis in horses presenting for intermittent blindness.     

间歇供水条件下点源入渗规律研究

对间歇供水和连续供水方式下的杨凌粘壤土点源入渗进行了室内对比研究。结果表明:间歇供水地表点源入渗水平和竖直方向的最大入渗距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系;在灌水定额相同的条件下,大滴头流量(4L/h)间歇滴灌与小滴头流量(2L/h)连续滴灌相比较,间歇供水能有效增加水平湿润距离,同时垂向入渗距离降低15%;对应于同一灌水量,采用30min、60min和120min等3种间歇周期对点源入渗的水平和垂向入渗距离无明显影响。     

池塘虾蟹生态养殖微孔管道增氧高产高效养殖试验

利用微孔管道增氧技术,进行池塘虾蟹生态养殖试验。结果表明,在16675m2池塘中收获河蟹2800kg,平均单产达112kg/667m2,平均效益达7500元/667m2。微孔管道增氧技术对虾蟹养殖增产增效作用明显。     

不同水管理模式下稻田对养殖肥水的净化效果研究

利用配有相对独立的供、排水系统的测坑研究间歇灌排、间歇灌连续排、灌排平衡3种水管理方式下稻田对养殖肥水的净化效果。研究结果表明：①3种水管理方式下稻田对养殖肥水中养分均有显著的去除率,其中,对不同形态的氮而言,NH4^＋-N的去除率优于NO3^--N;对不同物质而言,对氮、磷的去除率优于CODMn;②对不同的水管理方式...     

波涌灌田面行水流动的数值模拟及其灌水技术

根据连续方程,零惯性的动量方程以及最佳灌水状态概念,建立了描述波涌灌田面行水流动的零惯性模型,用Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒａｐｈａｏｎ和Ｐｒｅｉｓｓｍａｎ法对模型求解实现了波涌灌田面行水流动的模拟,探讨了波涌灌田间入渗和行水机理。用计算机模拟试验的方法,研究了波涌灌灌水技术参数对灌溉系统性能的影响,提出了确定波涌灌灌水技术参数的原则和方法以及连续地面灌灌水技术的改进方案。模拟结果得到商丘田间试验的验证。