Infection process of Rhizoctonia solani on Solanum tuberosum and effects of granular nematicides

The infection process ofRhizoctonia solani AG-3 was studied on potato sprouts, cv. Bintje, in growth chamber trials at 15 °C. Initially hyphae ofR. solani grew predominantly in the longitudinal direction of the sprouts (runner hyphae). They tended to follow the junctions between epidermis cells as was observed by SEM. The hyphae formed side-branches mainly half-way of the subterranean parts of the sprouts. They branched several times with short swollen cells to form infection cushions. Lesions developed only underneath the infection cushions and were first observed five days after inoculation. The necrotic area was proportional to the area covered with infection cushions on the sprouts. Depth of the lesions could extend up to the vascular bundle. Sprouts were colonized only in healthy tissue in the epidermal layer underneath the infection cushion and in necrotic tissue. A few days after appearance of the lesions,R. solani formed brown, uninfective mycelium on and in the circumference of these lesions.Aldicarb did not influence any part of the infection process. Ethoprophos delayed the emergence of sprouts, but increased the number of sprouts per tuber. As soon as sprouts had emerged, growth was considerably promoted by ethoprophos. Ethoprophos delayed the appearance of lesions and reduced their size. Oxamyl showed the same effects to a smaller extent.As the size of lesions appears to be proportional to the size of the infection cushions, any agents that change the size of the infection cushions, such as pesticides or antagonists, may alter the severity of the disease.Samenvatting Het infectieproces vanRhizoctonia solani AG-3 werd bestudeerd op aardappelspruiten, cv. Bintje, in een klimaatcel bij 15C. Aanvankelijk groeide de schimmel met runnerhyfen voornamelijk in de lengterichting van de spruit. Via SEM kon waargenomen worden, dat de hyfen hierbij vooral over de begrenzingen van de epidermiscellen groeiden. Het mycelium vormde veel zijvertakkingen, bestaande uit iets gezwollen korte cellen, welke voornamelijk halverwege op het ondergrondse deel van de spruit gevormd werden. Een dichte massa van deze cellen vormde een infectiekussentje. Lesies, welke vanaf vijf dagen na inoculatie werden waargenomen, bevonden zich slechts onder spruitoppervlak bezet met infectiekussentjes. De lesiegrootte was recht evenredig met het spruitoppervlak dat bezet was met infectiekussentjes. De diepte van de lesies reikte tot aan de vaatbundels. De spruit werd alleen door de schimmel gekoloniseerd in gezond epidermisweefsel onder het infectiekussentje en in necrotisch weefsel. Enkele dagen na verschijning van lesies vormde R.solani bruin, niet infectieus, mycelium op en rondom de lesies.Aldicarb had geen effect op het infectieproces. Ethoprophos vertraagde de opkomst en verhoogde het aantal tot ontwikkeling gekomen spruiten per knol in gestoomd zand. Direct na opkomst had ethoprophos echter een sterk groeistimulerend effect. Ethoprophos vertraagde de lesievorming en reduceerde de lesiegrootte, vergeleken met onbehandelde planten. Oxamyl vertoonde deze effecten in geringere mate.Daar de lesiegrootte direct gecorreleerd blijkt met de grootte van het infectiekussentje, mag verwacht worden dat elke beïnvloeding van de ontwikkeling van het mycelium van R.solani, bijvoorbeeld door pesticiden of antagonisten, een verandering van de lesiegrootte ten gevolge heeft.     

Microscopic analysis of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing transformants

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing transformants were used to investigate the effects of strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin on Mycosphaerella graminicola infection. Azoxystrobin treatments (125 or 250 g AI ha^?1) were applied at various stages of the infection process under controlled conditions. GFP transformants showed conserved in vitro sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pathogenicity. Azoxystrobin controlled over 90% of M graminicola infections when applied before or during penetration of the pathogen (15% of the incubation phase). Azoxystrobin also impaired the growth of intercellular hyphae in M graminicola post‐penetration infection stages when applied at up to 50% of the incubation phase. Incubating infections observed in treated leaves were viable, but their growth was impaired and they did not induce necrosis under controlled conditions. Reduction by half of azoxystrobin dosage had little or no effect on azoxystrobin efficiency in controlling M graminicola. The contribution of post‐penetration fungistatic effect to azoxystrobin curative properties toward M graminicola in a field situation is discussed. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

烟色离褶伞基内菌丝生长规律及生产中的应用

烟色离褶伞基内菌丝自接种点向PDA培养基内延伸的生长距离最长为1.5 cm,但足以布满18 mm×180 mm PDA斜面试管基内各个角落.基内菌丝继代转接的原种菌丝较气生菌丝继代转接的原种生长快、菌丝茁壮,但在产量上没有显著差异.通过对基内菌丝生长规律的观察,发现了食用菌母种再生千倍转接技术,使其扩展应用到食用菌生产中,为进一步改进食用菌生产程序、缩短生产时间提供理论基础.     

Gamna‐Gandy bodies: a case of mistaken identity in the spleen of a cat

A 4‐year‐old, female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented for a 2‐day history of lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting. Diagnostic assessments revealed a severe, regenerative anemia and the presence of a solitary, 3 × 4 cm splenic mass. Cytologic examination of fine‐needle aspirates of the splenic mass showed sheets of pleomorphic histiocytic cells with numerous intracellular and extracellular, negatively staining to deeply basophilic, branching structures. These structures were typically of thin uniform thickness with random angled branching that formed geometrical shapes and fragments, occasionally with sharpened ends and a crystalline appearance. Septal‐like divisions were irregularly spaced along some of the linear branches. The cytology was interpreted as a probable histiocytic inflammatory response to the unidentified foreign material with histiocytic sarcoma as a differential diagnosis. Histopathologic evaluation of the splenic mass resulted in a diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma. The branching material stained positively for both iron and calcium, indicating that the material was compatible with Gamna‐Gandy bodies present secondary to tumor‐associated hemorrhage and the formation of calcium–iron complexes.     

不同比例滑菇菌糠提取液对几种食用菌菌丝生长的影响

为探讨食用菌高效栽培方法,采用平板培养法,探讨了在PDA培养基中加入不同比例的滑菇菌糠提取液对食用菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:适量的滑菇菌糠提取液能够促进榆黄菇和杏鲍菇菌丝生长是有促进作用的,添加量为30%最为理想,而对平菇和白灵菇菌丝生长是有抑制作用的。     

类黄酮对AM真菌侵染菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

类黄酮（hesperitin）能显著促进AM真菌[Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Acaulospora laevis（A.l）、G.i＋A.l]对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）根段的侵染,提高菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶（Succinate dehydrogenase,SDH）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase,ALP）的活性.当用15 nmol L^-1、150 nmol L^-1、1.5 μmol L^-1类黄酮处理时,第6周取样,G.i对玉米根段的侵染率分别为76.2%、84.5%、75.8%（对照为45.9%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为68.4%、75.9%、67.4%（对照为40.7%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为45.8%、51.4%、45.1%（对照为27.1%）;G.i对棉花根段的侵染率分别为85.2%、88.9%、83.8%（对照为59.8%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为76.8%、81.2%、75.0%（对照为53.1%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为51.2%、53.7%、49.4%（对照为35.2%）.同时,类黄酮能显著增加土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量,对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）的生物量也有一定的影响.     

Mechanisms of stabilization of earthworm casts and artificial casts

Summary Fresh casts were collected from the earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa, and artificial casts were also made. The casts were subjected to ageing, drying-rewetting, and sterilization by hexanol vapour. Clay dispersion was determined, as a measure of the lack of stability of the casts. Two soils were used, the topsoil of a recently reclaimed polder soil in the Netherlands and the topsoil from a South Australian duplex soil. For both soils the fresh worm casts had higher dispersible clay than the artificial casts. During ageing, both types of casts became more stable. There are strong indications that this was mainly due to changes on the surface of the casts. Fungi developed on the surface of 6-day-old worm casts made of Australian soil. This gave a higher stability to the casts compared to artificial casts of the same age without fungal growth. With both types of casts, hexanol inhibited fungal growth on the surface of the casts, reducing the stabilizing effect of ageing. The fungus did not develop on Dutch soil casts until after 42 days, and the development of a higher stability with age was also less marked than in the Australian soil. When the casts were subjected to a drying and rewetting cycle before analysis, they became much more stable than the casts that were analyzed wet. The drying-rewetting cycle removed most of the differences between the worm casts and the artificial casts, and also removed any effects of ageing.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt     

绿色木霉TR-8菌株的生物学特性研究

绿色木霉菌TR-8是一株具有生防潜力的拮抗菌。研究发现TR-8菌株在PDA培养基、查彼培养基和基本培养基上均能较好生长,在基本培养基上生长最快,3种培养基对孢子产生影响不大。温度对菌丝生长和孢子产生影响显著,30℃时菌丝生长最快,25℃时产孢量最大。TR-8菌株在pH值2～10范围内均可生长,pH值5～6时菌丝生长最快,pH值为7时孢子产生量最大。光照处理对菌丝生长影响不明显,但可明显促进孢子产生。葡萄糖和麦芽糖为菌丝生长和产孢的最佳碳源。天冬酰胺是菌丝生长和孢子产生的最佳氮源。不同维生素对菌丝生长和孢子产生作用不同,烟酸对菌丝生长最有利。微量元素对菌丝生长有一定的促进作用,Mn有利于孢子产生。镰刀菌的菌丝提取物对TR-8的孢子产生具有促进作用。     

Growth and interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils from limestone and acid rock habitats

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) development in different soil types, and the influence of AM fungal hyphae on their original soil were investigated. Plantago lanceolata, which can grow in soils of a very wide pH range, was grown in two closely related limestone soils and an acid soil from rock habitats. Plants were colonised by the indigenous AM fungal community. The use of compartmented systems allowed us to compare soil with and without mycorrhizal hyphae. Root colonisation of P. lanceolata was markedly higher in the limestone soils (30-60%) than in the acid soil (5-20%), both in the original habitat and in the experimental study. Growth of extraradical AM fungal hyphae was detected in the limestone soils, but not in the acid soil, using the signature fatty acid 16:1ω5 as biomass indicator. Analysis of signature fatty acids demonstrated an increased microbial biomass in the presence of AM fungal hyphae as judged for example from an increased amount of NLFA 16:0 with 30 nmol g⁻¹ in one of the limestone soils. Bacterial activity, but not soil phosphatase activity, was increased by around 25% in the presence of mycorrhizal hyphae in the first harvest of limestone soils. AM fungal hyphae can thus stimulate microorganisms. However, no effect of AM hyphae was observed on the soil pH or organic matter content in the limestone soils and the available P was not depleted.     

培养基质对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌生长发育的影响

温室条件下，以盆栽培养方法研究不同培养基质对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae生长发育的影响。结果表明：不同理化性质的基质对菌根共生体生长发育的影响不同，综合考虑菌根长度、根外菌丝量及孢子数3项指标,以沙土混合物(体积比3∶1)对G. mosseae菌剂的生长发育最为有利。宿主植物菌根长度及根中的可溶性糖浓度与根外孢子数有正相关关系，而宿主植物中磷浓度与菌根真菌的生长发育也有类似的关系。说明培养基质的养分状况、水分状况、通气状况等诸多因素都会影响菌根共生体的建立和发展。宿主植物的菌根长度、根中可溶性糖浓度以及宿主植物磷浓度对菌根真菌的生长发育有显著影响。因此，工厂化AM菌剂生产中，应以沙土混合物(体积比3∶1)为生产G. mosseae菌剂的培养基质。