蒸发浓缩－CODcr法测定地面水中低浓度COD

对水样蒸发浓缩法用于地面水中低浓度ＣＯＤ的测定进行探讨的实验结果表明，地面水中低浓度ＣＯＤ物质可以在碱性条件下，通过蒸发浓缩处理后，采用重铬酸钾法进行测定，所得结果的精密度和准确度良好．若选择水样浓缩系数为５，则可将重铬酸钾法的最低检测限浓度降低到１０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１，从而使该方法能够适用于地面水水质标准中各类水质ＣＯＤ的监测要求．     

Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1

Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E_o's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E_om) followed the soil-specific relation E_om/E_o= a e^(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E_o, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)^0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and E_o but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E_o and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of E_o, and for all situations under small E_o. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E_o of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.     

PST脂质体在猪血浆中稳定性的研究

本文旨在通过逆相蒸发法制备PST脂质体，通过测定酸价，丙二醛含量的变化，并做了猪血浆体外24h实验，验证了PST脂质体在血浆中能稳定存在，为PST脂质体的临床应用作初步的研究。     

砂田抑制蒸发功能随覆砂年限的演变规律

【目的】研究压砂覆盖(砂田)保温及抑制蒸发功能随砂田退化程度的演变规律。【方法】基于多年Landsat卫星数据,使用辐射传输方程法反演香山地区砂田地表温度(LST),结合田间地表温度监测,对比砂田与裸地的地表温度变化,分析了砂田抑制土壤蒸发的机理,并探讨了砂田的功效与砂田使用年限的关系。【结果】砂田在LST-NDVI梯形空间中贴近于暖边,其土壤水分比耕地少,接近于干土层。因此,砂田可以隔离辐射与土壤表层,从而减小潜热通量,抑制土壤蒸发。砂田昼夜温差明显比裸地大,且对于西瓜等作物,砂田的有效地表积温也比裸地提高了10%。【结论】砂田退化过程可分为纯砾石阶段、砂土混合阶段和砂土连通阶段,从砂田的保温及抑制蒸发功能来看,砂田的有效使用年限为25～30 a。     

集雨灌溉工程研究综述

集雨灌溉工程是对降雨进行收集、汇流,存储和进行节水灌溉的微型水利工程,主要解决农业生产缺水性问题.通过国内外集雨灌溉利用的研究和实践,较详细地阐述了集雨灌溉工程的主要研究内容:集水工程集雨面防渗材料的研究、蓄水工程中蓄水设施的防渗,水分蒸发处理,喷灌、滴灌、渗灌等灌溉技术.文章分析了目前集雨灌溉工程研究存在的问题并提出了发展研究方向.     

不同时间尺度下温室无土栽培番茄蒸散规律研究

采用试验测量法,以温室环境参数为变量,建立了不同时间尺度下番茄蒸腾量和椰糠水分蒸发量回归模型以分析温室无土栽培番茄蒸腾规律和椰糠水分蒸发规律。结果表明,1h、1d时间尺度下番茄蒸腾量回归模型的决定系数分别为0.673 8、0.801;68d(整个试验周期)时间尺度下,1号番茄累积蒸腾量与累积有效积温、累积辐射积的拟合决定系数分别为0.998 4、0.993 6。1d时间尺度下,椰糠水分蒸发量特性方程的回归系数为0.891;58d(整个试验周期)时间尺度下,椰糠累积水分蒸发量与累积有效积温和累积辐热积回归方程的决定系数分别为0.999和0.992 7。随着时间尺度增大,番茄蒸腾量和椰糠水分蒸发量与环境参数的相关性显著提高。     

呼伦贝尔地区不同土地利用下土壤蒸发野外试验研究

土壤蒸发是水文过程的关键环节之一,控制着水分由土壤环境向大气环境的扩散。通过在呼伦贝尔地区典型草地与林地设置相同口径不同深度微型蒸发仪(Micro-Lysimeter,简称ML)的对比,寻求适合林地草地使用的微型蒸发仪,并研究不同土地利用方式对土壤蒸发的影响,探讨环境因素对土壤蒸发结果的影响。结果表明:土壤蒸发量随ML长度的增加先增大后减小,相同直径长度不同ML的蒸发量在0.05水平下显著相关,测定林地的蒸发量小于草地蒸发量,不封底ML所测定结果比封底ML大,其结果更接近真实情况,测量呼伦贝尔地区土壤蒸发时,亦采用15cm的不封底ML,结果较好。     

苹果树种植对黄土旱塬土壤蒸发的影响

以陕西长武旱塬为例,分别对研究区农地和5个不同林龄(9、12、16、19 a和23 a)苹果园的土壤剖面氢氧稳定同位素进行测定,利用Craig-Gordon模型定量估算其土壤平均蒸发量,并基于“空间换时间”方法分析果园种植及生长对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明：农地及9、12、16、19、23 a林龄苹果园的土壤蒸发量均随苹果树的种植及生长呈现先减少再增大的趋势,年均蒸发量分别为129、104、89、119、128、136 mm;苹果园的土壤蒸发量变化与叶面积指数呈显著负相关(R=-0.713);苹果园种植的前中期(9～12 a)土壤蒸发量随叶面积指数增加逐渐减小,而在中后期(12～23 a)深层土壤水被大量消耗造成的干旱胁迫使得果树叶面积减少,从而导致林下土壤蒸发量又逐渐增大。     

保雨灌溉技术的研究与推广

保雨灌溉技术的核心是向天空要水,与蒸发夺水,充分利用自然降水和土壤水分,满足作物需要。在作物需水不足时,提取地下水补充灌溉。三年试验结果表明,保雨灌溉比常规井灌年均节水2091mm/hm~2,增产粮食2020kg/hm~2,促进了优质高效农业的发展。     

Diagnosis of regional evaporation by remote sensing to support irrigation performance assessment

The success of water management in large irrigation schemes with composites of soil, crop, wetness and micro-meteorological conditions is difficult to quantify. Performance assessment indicators, being among others a function of evaporation, are useful tools to evaluate the actual functioning of an irrigation system. The inevitable spatial variability of evaporation in large irrigation schemes makes its determination with conventional point measurements almost impossible. A new remote sensing evaporation parameterization algorithm has been tested with high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper data for the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. Although the implementation of such an algorithm requires assumptions to be made, the current case study shows that these assumptions do not hamper the estimation of actual and potential evaporation at regional scale. The actual evaporation has been used to express the uniformity of crop water use which is related to the equity of irrigation water distribution. The coefficient of variance in actual evaporation between 53 differenent irrigation districts is 10% on average. The relative evaporation was considered to determine whether the crop was adequately irrigated. The relative evaporation was more than 75% for 48 out of 53 irrigation districts. It is concluded, that improved information on actual crop growth conditions through remote sensing provides an essential insight into the planning of real-time and seasonal irrigation water deliveries.