SALTIRSOIL: a simulation model for the mid to long‐term prediction of soil salinity in irrigated agriculture

The SALTIRSOIL model predicts soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in irrigated land using basic information on soil, climate, crop, irrigation management and water quality. It extends the concept of the WATSUIT model to include irrigation and crop management practices, advances in the calculation of evapotranspiration and new algorithms for the water stress coefficient and calculation of electrical conductivity. SALTIRSOIL calculates the soil water balance and soil solution concentration over the year. A second module, SALSOLCHEM, calculates the inorganic ion composition of the soil solution at equilibrium with soil calcite and gypsum at the soil’s CO₂ partial pressure. Results from comparing predicted and experimentally determined concentrations, observations and predictions of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in calcite‐saturated solutions agree to the second significant figure; in gypsum‐saturated solutions the standard difference between observations and predictions is <3% in absolute values. The algorithms in SALTIRSOIL have been verified and SALSOLCHEM validated for the reliable calculation of soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity at water saturation in well‐drained irrigated lands. In simulations for horticultural crops in southeast Spain, soil solution concentration factors at water saturation, quotients of electrical conductivity (EC₂₅) at saturation to electrical conductivity in the irrigation water, and quotients of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are very similar to average measured values for the area.     

脱硫石膏改良碱土过程中特征值变化的研究

本文通过田间试验,研究了脱硫石膏在改良碱土过程中对碱土特征值(盐分组成、pH值、碱化度、土壤渗透性及硬度)的影响。结果表明:施用脱硫石膏后,碱土各特征值都发生了显著变化,主要表现在碱化度从改良前的30%以上降低到了改良后的5~10%之间;pH值从改良前的9.4以上降低到了改良后的8.2以下;碳酸根、重碳酸根离子明显减少,硫酸根、钙离子及钠离子含量有所增加;土壤渗透性提高了3~8倍;土壤硬度测定值虽仍偏大,但却表现为随着脱硫石膏的施入而减小的趋势。     

滨海吹填土快速脱盐技术的初步研究

针对滨海地区吹填土的高盐分和质地粘重,从改善物理性状和降低盐分入手,通过添加不同量的脱硫石膏进行不同处理的脱盐试验,结果显示:3个处理都能够改善吹填土粘重的物理性状,有效降低吹填土中有害离子(Cl-和Na+)的含量,脱盐后的吹填土无次生碱化现象。3个处理中5%脱硫石膏和5%有机肥较单纯施用脱硫石膏的处理脱盐显著,且改良后的碱化指标明显低于另两个单纯施用脱硫石膏的处理。     

Restoration of Gypsicolous Vegetation on Quarry Slopes: Guidance for Hydroseeding under Contrasting Inclination and Aspect

The establishment of gypsicolous vegetation of high conservation value on land impacted by quarrying requires restoration measures to overcome constraints imposed by the new landforms created in the process. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of three standard hydroseeding methods to restore gypsicolous vegetation on quarry spoil slopes under a dry Mediterranean climate. The treatments were as follows: paper cellulose mulch, paper cellulose mulch + organic blanket, and wood fibre mulch, compared against a control. These treatments were tested on two slopes (10–15% vs 60–65%) and two contrasting aspects (north vs south). We evaluated the cover of all plant species 2·8 years after treatment, assessing both target gypsicolous species and non‐target species. Our results showed strong compositional and cover differences between hydroseeded and control plots. Control plots had a low cover of target species with a vegetation composed of early‐successional species that had the potential to hinder target species establishment over time. All hydroseeding treatments improved target vegetation cover, with wood fibre performing best in most situations studied here, alternatives being the cheaper but less effective paper mulch on shallow slopes, or the more expensive paper mulch + blanket on steep slopes in case of high erosion risk. Shallow and southern‐steep slopes were more suitable for the recovery of gypsum vegetation by hydroseeding, compared to northern‐steep slopes where non‐target species developed more readily outcompeting target species. These results will help to guide management decisions to restore gypsicolous vegetation by hydroseeding in disturbed gypsum habitats. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干法石膏纤维板工艺研究：Ⅱ.搅拌和铺装均匀性因素分析

石膏和纤维的搅拌和铺装的均匀性对石膏纤维板质量影响很大。试验表明，所采用的搅拌机和铺装机性能良好，搅拌和铺装质量较好，铺装机料仓中料高影响板坯密度的均匀性，料高与板坯密度呈很强的一元线性关系；板密度与ＭＯＲ、ＭＯＥ有较好的一元线性关系，但与ＩＢ线性关系相对较差，板密度增加，ＭＯＲ、ＭＯＥ和ＩＢ也增加。     

Reclamation of saline‐sodic soil under a rice–wheat system by horizontal surface flushing

Saline sodic soil with a high content of soluble carbonates is one of the important agricultural soils on the Central Indo‐Gangetic plains and elsewhere. Conventional reclamation procedures using gypsum application followed by vertical leaching (GC) is uneconomic; high ECe and precipitation of applied gypsum, reacting with soluble carbonates, reduce the efficacy of gypsum in these soils. This paper reports results from a project designed to evaluate reclamation by irrigation of the ploughed soil and turning of soil with a power tiller followed by flushing of standing water after 24 h, a second flushing after 7 days and subsequent application of gypsum and vertical leaching (GF2). Average rice and wheat production after GF2 significantly increased (25 and 62%, respectively) over the conventional practice. Compared with conventional treatment, GF2 significantly reduced the ECe and SAR of the soil and improved physical properties such as ζ‐potential, dispersible clay content, water stable aggregates expressed as MWD, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Split application of gypsum between flushing (GF1/2 and GF2/3) gave similar results to GF2 in terms of soil amelioration and crop production.     

普通硅酸盐水泥对石膏基混合胶结材的改性研究

石膏因其耐水性差，强度较低限制了它的应用。采用掺入普通硅酸盐水泥来改善其不足是一种简单，经济实用的方式。本文叙述了在石膏中掺入的普通硅酸盐水泥量不同时，石膏基混合胶结材的强度变化及其耐水性变化等，并探讨了其内在的发展规律。     

Effect of Gypsum Application on Long Term Changes in Soil Properties and Crop Growth in Sodic Soils under Field Conditions

In a field study, conducted on farmer's waste sodic soils, Aquic Natrustalf, 12.5 t/ha gypsum was surface mixed. Effect of gypsum application on soil properties and crop yields of rice and wheat grown in succession was evaluated after one to five years of gypsum application. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate and soil dispersion decreased, whereas organic carbon, hydraulic conductivity, water infiltration and storage increased considerably after five years of gypsum application. In the initial years the improvement in soil properties was more in the surface layers and extended to lower layers slowly in the following years. Average grain yields of rice and wheat in the first year were 4.2 and 1.8 t/ha, respectively. The yields further increased to 6.1 and 2.5 t/ha in the 5th year, but the yields were lower than the yields obtained in research experiment. Relationships between wheat grain yield and pH of 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers were established. Wheat yield reduced by 45 percent when pH of 0–15 cm layer increased from 9.0 to 9.5. The sodicity of sub soil was still too high to permit the cultivation of deep rooted crops even after five years of gypsum application. Normal crop production is possible in these sodic soils, given sufficient time to reduce the sub soil sodicity.     

荷电喷雾改善烟气脱硫效果的机理及试验

为了研究荷电喷雾对湿法烟气脱硫的增益作用,探讨荷电雾滴表面特性、荷电特性及运动特性与传质的关系,采用石灰浆荷电雾化的方法进行了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫试验,获得了不同液气比、Ca/S摩尔比和荷电电压下的烟气脱硫效率.结果表明：脱硫效率随着液气比、Ca/S摩尔比、荷电电压的增大而提高,且提高的趋势都在逐渐变缓,提高幅度最大为10%.高压静电场的存在改善了雾滴的表面吸收特性,增加了雾滴表面Ca2＋的含量;荷电雾滴表面张力的减小降低了气体的传质阻力;雾滴带电及非过剩电荷感应极化作用,增加了雾滴吸收SO2的附加作用力;此外,高压静电作用下的二次雾化减小了雾滴粒径,增大了气液接触的总面积;带有同种电荷雾滴之间的相互排斥,雾滴在脱硫塔内部分布均匀.以上诸因素都有利于烟气脱硫效果的改善.