干旱区不同降雨模式对藻结皮覆被区土壤碳释放的影响

[目的]探究干旱区不同降雨模式对藻结皮覆被区土壤碳释放的影响,为精确估算干旱区生态系统土壤碳释放量提供科学依据。[方法]以乌兰布和沙漠为例,通过人工增雨和改变降雨频率来模拟全球气候变化,对藻结皮覆被区土壤碳释放量进行长期野外监测。[结果]降雨能够刺激藻结皮覆被区土壤呼吸速率迅速大幅度提升,并在1 h内达到峰值,12 h左右降至较低水平。但随着干湿交替次数的不断增大,土壤再湿润后所产生的呼吸脉冲逐渐减弱,最后1次降雨与第1次相比土壤呼吸峰值降低了40%～60%。在降雨后16 h累积碳释放量、总碳释放量都随着降雨量的增大而增大,但当降雨量增大到一定程度后,其对土壤碳释放量的促进作用不再明显。就单次降雨而言,低频率、大雨量的降雨事件所引起的碳释放量明显高于高频率、小雨量的降雨事件。但总降雨量一致的情况下,则是高频率的小降雨事件所释放的总碳量最高,其次为低频率的大降雨事件,正常降雨频率下最小。[结论]气候变化所引起的降雨量增加和降雨频率的变化将会增加藻结皮覆被区的碳排放量,在预测碳收支时,也应将藻结皮的碳排放量变化作为考虑因素之一。     

Effects of salinity on the growth and proximate composition of selected tropical marine periphytic diatoms and cyanobacteria

Marine periphytic cyanobacteria and diatoms have been examined as a potential source of feed supplement for rearing aquatic larvae in the aquaculture industry. Culture of the periphytic diatom Amphora sp., Navicula sp., Cymbella sp. and the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. at different salinities showed significant changes in biomass and specific growth rates. Diatoms growth was significantly higher at 35 g L⁻¹, while for cyanobacteria growth was better at 25 g L⁻¹. Significantly higher levels of protein and lipid were found in diatoms at low salinities (15–25 g L⁻¹) and an increase in carbohydrate at high salinities (30–35 g L⁻¹). Conversely, cyanobacteria showed a significantly higher lipid content at 30–35 g L⁻¹ compared with other salinity levels but no significant changes were observed in the protein and carbohydrate contents at different salinity levels. The present findings can be taken into consideration when culturing marine periphytic Amphora sp., Navicula sp., Cymbella sp. and Oscillatoria sp. to provide appropriate levels of protein, lipid and carbohydrate as feed supplement as well as for bioremediation in aquaculture.     

Characterization of aerosols containing microcystin

Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in both freshwater and brackish water sources throughout the world. One class of cyanobacterial toxins, called microcystins, is cyclic peptides. In addition to ingestion and dermal, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. A significant increase in reporting of minor symptoms, particularly respiratory symptoms was associated with exposure to higher levels of cyanobacteria during recreational activities. Algae cells, bacteria, and waterborne toxins can be aerosolized by a bubble-bursting process with a wind-driven white-capped wave mechanism. The purposes of this study were to: evaluate sampling and analysis techniques for microcystin aerosol, produce aerosol droplets containing microcystin in the laboratory, and deploy the sampling instruments in field studies. A high-volume impactor and an IOM filter sampler were tried first in the laboratory to collect droplets containing microcystins. Samples were extracted and analyzed for microcystin using an ELISA method. The laboratory study showed that cyanotoxins in water could be transferred to air via a bubble-bursting process. The droplets containing microcystins showed a bimodal size distribution with the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.4 and 27.8 mum. The sampling and analysis methods were successfully used in a pilot field study to measure microcystin aerosol in situ.     

Low-density silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) polyculture does not prevent cyanobacterial off-flavours in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) were co‐cultured with channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) in 0.4 ha earthen ponds to determine the impacts of carp grazing on pond phytoplankton communities and cyanobacterial off‐flavours in catfish. Carp were stocked at densities of 0, 75, or 250 fish ha^?1 in seven replicate ponds per treatment. The mean chlorophyll a concentrations (a measure of phytoplankton standing crop) steadily increased in all treatments from about 100 μg L^?1 in April to more than 400 μg L^?1 by mid‐October. Silver carp had no affect (P>0.1) on chlorophyll a concentrations across all sampling dates (April though October) or for sampling dates late in the growing season (August–October) when the prevalence of cyanobacterial off‐flavours among catfish populations is usually greatest. Silver carp did not eliminate odour‐producing cyanobacteria from pond phytoplankton communities: on sampling dates in September and October, three to six ponds in all treatments contained populations of the odour‐producing cyanobacteria Oscillatoria perornata, Anabaena spp., or both. Failure of silver carp to eliminate odour‐producing cyanobacteria resulted in a relatively high incidence in all treatments of ponds with off‐flavoured catfish. On sampling dates in September and October, catfish in three to five ponds in each treatment were tainted with either musty (2‐methylisoborneol) or earthy (geosmin) off‐flavours. The presence of silver carp had no obvious effect on off‐flavour intensity: on each sampling date, at least three ponds in each treatment contained catfish described as distinctly to extremely off‐flavored. Apparently, hypertrophic conditions in catfish ponds overwhelm the effect of silver carp grazing at the low carp densities used in this study.     

Microcystin production during algal bloom occurrence in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines

ABSTRACT:   The amount of microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa bloom was investigated during the rainy season of 1999 in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines. Bloom samples taken from the West Bay and East Cove stations of the lake were studied in relation to the characteristics of environmental conditions. Four types of microcystins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), 6(Z)-Adda-microcystin-RR, and 3-desmethylmicrocystin-LR were identified from the natural bloom samples among which MC-LR was the most dominant type of microcystin. Production of microcystin (88.6 µg/100 mg dried cells) was highest during the first sampling week that coincided with high water transparency and high conductivity. The occurrence of a strong typhoon during the second sampling week had changed the environment drastically, which was characterized by low water transparency, high turbidity, low water temperature, and with trace amounts of MC-LR detected at the East Cove station. Thus, toxin production over time as well as the relationship between Microcystis production and toxin concentration could not be fully evaluated.     

蓝细菌与福建苏铁(Cycad revoluta)的侵染性重组的研究

将苏铁珊瑚状根及根周围的土壤中分离的蓝细菌分离物与福建苏铁(Cycas revoluta)在实验室条件下进行重组。通过比较重组前后蓝细菌分离物的STRR指纹图谱和16S rRNA的序列得蓝细菌分离物RZHA4能重新侵染苏铁的珊瑚状根。通过NCBI比对,蓝细菌分离物RZHA4的16S rRNA序列与蓝细菌NostocaceaeIL13-1的相似性为99%。     

鲢鱼对淡水浮游植物的抑制作用研究

为分析滤食性鲢鱼对浮游植物的控制作用,分别在室内(30L水箱)和室外(2m×2m×1.5m试验池)对鲢鱼的滤食作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,鲢鱼对蓝藻和桡足类浮游动物均具有一定的抑制作用;室内27～35g.m-3,室外50g.m-3的鲢鱼投放密度使蓝藻在浮游植物中所占比例明显下降;鲢鱼对浮游植物的摄食率随藻类密度增大而升高。投放鲢鱼是控制富营养化水体中蓝藻水华的有效措施之一。     

蓝藻爆发机理研究进展

湖泊富营养化依然是我国目前以及今后相当长一段时期内的重大水环境问题.研究蓝藻水华的形成机制,具有重要的生态和环境意义.对近20年来国内外对蓝藻的研究状况做一个总结,提出自己的一些看法.     

Interpreting the Possible Ecological Role(s) of Cyanotoxins: Compounds for Competitive Advantage and/or Physiological Aide?

To date, most research on freshwater cyanotoxin(s) has focused on understanding the dynamics of toxin production and decomposition, as well as evaluating the environmental conditions that trigger toxin production, all with the objective of informing management strategies and options for risk reduction. Comparatively few research studies have considered how this information can be used to understand the broader ecological role of cyanotoxin(s), and the possible applications of this knowledge to the management of toxic blooms. This paper explores the ecological, toxicological, and genetic evidence for cyanotoxin production in natural environments. The possible evolutionary advantages of toxin production are grouped into two main themes: That of “competitive advantage” or “physiological aide”. The first grouping illustrates how compounds produced by cyanobacteria may have originated from the need for a cellular defence mechanism, in response to grazing pressure and/or resource competition. The second grouping considers the contribution that secondary metabolites make to improved cellular physiology, through benefits to homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiencies, and accelerated growth rates. The discussion also includes other factors in the debate about possible evolutionary roles for toxins, such as different modes of exposures and effects on non-target (i.e., non-competitive) species. The paper demonstrates that complex and multiple factors are at play in driving evolutionary processes in aquatic environments. This information may provide a fresh perspective on managing toxic blooms, including the need to use a “systems approach” to understand how physico-chemical conditions, as well biological stressors, interact to trigger toxin production.     

黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区农田生物结皮对土壤渗透性的影响

为了明确黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区农田生物结皮的分布状况及其对土壤渗透性的影响,本文以该区农田（春玉米）土壤自然发育的生物结皮为对象,通过野外调查,探索了该区农田生物结皮盖度及组成。并在此基础上,以裸土为对照,采用环刀法和双环法测定了土壤水分入渗参数,研究了农田藻结皮及藓结皮对土壤渗透性的影响。结果表明：风蚀水蚀交错区水浇地和旱地中均有生物结皮分布,平均盖度为42.11%,其中藻结皮盖度为33.74%,藓结皮盖度为8.37%。生物结皮显著降低了农田土壤饱和导水率,与裸土相比,藓结皮和藻结皮覆盖下土壤0~5 cm土层土壤饱和导水率分别降低55.14%和23.54%;藓结皮使土壤的稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率及累积入渗量分别显著降低了51.11%、47.71%和46.50%,藻结皮使土壤的稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率及累积入渗量分别降低了 25.56%、21.10%和 20.91%,但与裸土差异不显著。藓结皮的形成能够降低农田土壤砂粒含量,提高土壤黏粒含量,进而降低农田土壤渗透性。综上,生物结皮的形成导致了农田土壤渗透性的降低,这可能会进一步影响农作物对土壤水分的有效利用。