The availability of state-level data on interstate cattle movements in the United States

Knowledge about the patterns of animal movement – particularly feeder-cattle movement – within the USA is necessary in order to anticipate how diseases might be spread geographically. This study was conducted to explore the availability of interstate-level movement data which might be used to develop a more coherent national picture of interstate feeder-cattle movement. State Statistical Offices of the National Agricultural Statistics Service, 1996 (NASS) and Departments of Agriculture in all 50 states were contacted to determine the type of information collected regarding the import and export of feeder cattle. Eighteen of the 50 states contacted recorded updated import and export information by using certificates of veterinary inspection and (occasionally) entry permits for verification. The 18 states were: Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Profiles of import and export data from Kansas, Texas, Colorado and Iowa (the primary receivers of 51% of total 1995 imports) were developed. These four states received at least 50% of their cattle imports from <9 different states. As a result, approximately half of the nation's import movement can be explained by a total of 13 states and Mexico (excluding duplicates). Also, >50% of the exports from Kansas, Texas, Colorado, and Iowa go to ≤3 states. This import and export information confirms conclusions of others that cattle tend to move toward the center of the USA. However, if more states kept comprehensive, up-to-date records of movement information, knowledge about cattle-movement patterns in the USA would be importantly increased. The lack of specific notations on certificates of veterinary inspection can lead only to perceived trends; the present records have limited value in tracking animal movement.     

"一训三证"培训模式在胶州的探索与完善

为适应农村经济发展需要,解决广大农民进城务工、就业难的问题,胶州市农机管理部门率先在青岛乃至全国探索出了“一训三证”培训模式,为社会培养了一大批一专多能的农机技术人才.这项工作的开展,不仅提高了农民的素质和业务技术水平,带动了农村劳动力大量向二、三产业转移,也为农民增收致富、就业转岗创造了条件.     

After All,Land Belongs to the State: Examining the Benefits of Land Registration for Smallholders in Ethiopia

The role of land registration in reducing rural poverty has been debated for several decades. This article analyses the impacts of land registration on land rentals, security of land tenure, disputes over land, use of credit facilities from formal financial institutions and gender access and control over land. Our findings are based on data collected between April and December 2011 in irrigation systems in three regional states of Ethiopia using in‐depth interviews and field surveys. Land registration has a positive influence on land rentals by reducing the fear of landholders in losing land to renters. Important benefits of land registration also include enhancing tenure security through ensuring usufruct rights over land and addressing the conflicts that arise from the competition to access irrigable land. Joint land titling secures women's access to land and encourages women's decision‐making on land rentals, input use, cropping patterns and the marketing of harvest from irrigable plots. While land registration allows for improved tenure security, gender equity and reduced disputes over land, it does little to facilitate access to credit or increase the use of farm inputs. The findings suggest that more work needs to be carried out to translate the benefits of land registration into improved livelihoods by increasing investment in farm inputs, production of high value, off‐season crops and increase market participation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

供用电技术专业三通三融双证人才培养模式研究

文章明确了供用电技术专业人才培养模式研究的意义,并从人才培养目标、课程体系、教学模式、考核方式等方面进行论述。     

中国有机茶产品认证现状与问题分析

为探究我国有机茶产品认证现状与区域差异，基于全国认证认可信息公共服务平台，收集整理了1998—2020年我国有机茶认证证书信息，并分析证书数量、企业数量、证书状态、认证面积与产量等的时空动态变化特征。结果表明:1998—2020年我国有机茶产品认证呈增长态势，证书发放量与获证企业数量变化趋势一致，其中云南、贵州、福建和安徽等省份累计获证量及获证企业数量较多；有机茶证书撤销量最多的省份是山东省(17张)，河南、海南、甘肃和西藏4省(自治区)无被撤销有机茶证书，甘肃省有机茶证书过期失效和注销占比最高，达91.67%。全国有机茶证书连续认证年数平均值为3.69年，其中以浙江和江苏最长，分别为6.42和6.20年。2020年有机茶认证面积及产量位列全国第一的是云南省，认证面积为51.91×10³ hm²，认证产量为88 823.26 t。我国有机茶产业链短、区域间发展不平衡及连续认证时间短等问题限制了有机茶产业的发展。因此，政府可通过提供系统的政策支持、加强有机农业教育与宣传以维护有机茶产业健康的发展，从业人员应延长产业链并注重品牌价值提升以实现节本增收，政府及从业人员共同统筹“茶文化、茶产业、茶科技”以实现有机茶产业健康可持续发展。