吸血节肢动物体内细菌研究进展

吸血节肢动物体内广泛存在着多种细菌,这些细菌对其具有重要生理功能和生态意义,同时对其所携带病原有一定的影响.根据吸血节肢动物体内细菌研究所取得的一些新进展,从体内细菌常见种类、与宿主相互作用、对病原体影响和研究方法等方面对吸血节肢动物体内细菌研究现状进行概述.     

茶园种植紫花苜蓿对节肢动物群落结构的影响

在崂山茶区采用网捕法和植株拍打法研究了种草和清耕茶园节肢动物数量的变化规律。结果表明,种植紫花苜蓿的第2年,节肢动物数量增加明显,种群结构趋于稳定。共调查到节肢动物12目,44科,81种,类群最大的为蜘蛛目,有27种,其次是同翅目,有12种,鞘翅目有10种,膜翅目有9种,其他23种。种草园与清耕园相比,节肢动物种类增加18.0%～19.0%,害虫数量平均减少75.6%,天敌种类增加10.3%～17.1%,个体数增加64.0%～77.1%,节肢动物数量在一年中的变化幅度平缓。茶园使用化学农药,是影响节肢动物数量的主要因素。在种植紫花苜蓿的茶园,不使用任何化学农药也不致造成害虫危害。     

新疆莎车县棉田自然天敌数量动态

2002-2004年研究了新疆莎车县棉田节肢动物类自然天敌种群动态及棉花品种的影响。结果发现节肢动物类自然天敌67种,数量较多的共10类,即瓢虫类、蝽类、隐翅虫类、蓟马类、草蛉类、食蚜双翅目、胡蜂类、蚜茧蜂类、蜘蛛类和捕食螨类。其中瓢虫类、蝽类和蜘蛛类占天敌个体总数85%~93%。3年中这三类天敌各自所占比例,瓢虫为4%~65%,食虫蝽为19%~57%,蜘蛛为6%~34%。瓢虫、食虫蝽和蜘蛛的最高密度2002年分别为237.2、164.0、87.0头/百株,2003年分别为28.3、533.3、232.0头/百株,2004分别为1506.5、237.0、55.3头/百株。对转基因抗虫棉GK19(表达Cry1A杀虫蛋白)、SGK321(表达Cry1A CpTI杀虫蛋白)和普通棉花泗棉3号、石远321的研究表明,各种天敌在不同品种上的种群数量没有显著性差异,而喷施化学农药可以造成天敌数量明显减少。     

棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构与动态及其对棉蚜的控制效应

采取不同的棉苜间作方式,研究了棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构及种群动态规律、棉蚜与天敌的消长动态,以及棉苜间作对棉田蚜虫的控制效应。与常规单种棉田相比,间作苜蓿棉田内的瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉种群数量大幅度增长,尤以每隔1膜间作75cm苜蓿带处理区为甚,分别增长了318.0%、120.9%和79.6%。间作或邻作苜蓿的棉田天敌群落的物种丰富度、丰富度指数及多样性指数均高于常规单种棉田,表明间作和邻作苜蓿带并适时刈割,可以提高棉田内天敌群落的丰富度和多样性。刈割苜蓿带对棉田棉蚜及瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌的数量动态影响较大。在棉蚜上升初期刈割苜蓿带,使棉田内瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌数量急剧上升,棉蚜数量大幅下降,从而有效地控制了棉田棉蚜的暴发。     

Effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth of rice plants, weeds, and the number of arthropods in paddy fields

Aigamo duck farming has been noticed as one of the techniques of environmental conservation agriculture. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth and production of rice plants, the quantity of weeds and arthropods, and the balance of nitrogen (N) in paddy fields by changing the density of the Aigamo ducks. A paddy field was divided into three test plots: a 10-Aigamo-duck plot, a five-Aigamo-duck plot, and a weeding plot. The results show that the height, number of culms, and yield crops of the rice plants increased more in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot and the five-Aigamo-duck plot than that of the weeding plot. Millet ( Echinochloa oryzicola ) remained in both the Aigamo duck plots. The weeding plot was covered with monochoria ( Monochoria vaginalis ). In both the Aigamo duck plots, the outbreak of total arthropods was lower than that of the weeding plot, but the number of rice plants damaged by grass leaf rollers ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ) was increased. The number of spiders, regarded as useful insects, did not differ that much between the experimental plots. The N content of the soil did not differ as an effect of loosing the Aigamo ducks. The rice plants in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot absorbed more N than the rice plants in the other plots.     

Kinematics of whip spider pedipalps: a 3D comparative morpho-functional approach

Amblypygi are tropical and subtropical ambush predators that use elongated, raptorial pedipalps for different activities. Although pedipalp use in predation and courtship has been explored in videography in vivo analyses, kinematic ex vivo examination of these appendages has not been conducted. Here, we rectify this lack of data by using micro-CT scans to 3D-kinematically model the appendage morphology and the range of motion (ROM) of the joints for Damon medius and Heterophrynus elaphus. We illustrate the successful application of this technique to terrestrial euarthropods in determining the maximum ROM values for each pedipalp joint. We also note that, in life, these values would be lower due to motion restricting structures like tendons, arthrodial membranes, and muscles. We further compare our maximum values obtained here with data from video-based motion analyses. The ROM of each joint shows the greatest flexibility in the femur-tibia joint (140–150°), the lowest in the basitarsus-claw joint (35–40°). ROM in the tibia-basitarsus joint is markedly distinct (D. medius: 44°; H. elaphus: 105°). This disparity reflects how H. elaphus uses the joint in the capture basket, while D. medius uses the femur-tibia joint to form the capture basket. We further illustrate notable vertical motion of the H. elaphus pedipalp compared to D. medius. This difference reflects the retro-ventral trochanter apophysis of H. elaphus. Our study opens the possibility to further whip spider kinematic understanding. Examination of other taxa using this approach will result in a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological significance and ethological implications of this unique arachnid group.     

管理措施对毛竹林节肢动物群落害虫与天敌相互作用的影响

利用毛竹林节肢动物群落的系统调查资料,比较和分析长期垦复施肥、垦复、劈草、撂荒和化学除草5种管理措施下群落林下层和竹冠层的共有物种分布特征,以及害虫与天敌功能群的相互关系.结果表明:与撂荒林比较,其余管理措施因破坏了林下栖境而不同程度地减少了2个林层间的天敌共有物种,这些减少的共有物种多属于蜘蛛目和膜翅目天敌,从而削弱了林层间的天敌互补作用,不利于充分发挥其自然控害作用,是毛竹叶部害虫暴发的重要原因之一.因此,在各项管理措施实施时,适度保留部分林下植被,有助于竹林的丰产培育和强化群落的自然控害潜能.     

旅游对清西陵古油松林节肢动物群落结构及其多样性的影响

2005年5~10月对清西陵古油松林的节肢动物群落进行了调查,分析了古油松林节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性,讨论了旅游干扰对古油松林节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,旅游活动对古油松林节肢动物群落的结构和多样性有显著影响,从而为保护和合理利用古油松资源提供理论依据。     

北疆不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构与多样性

运用群落生态学方法研究了北疆棉田不同邻作、灌溉方式对棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响及其在不同年份的变化趋势。结果表明,不同的邻作方式能改变棉田节肢动物群落结构,邻作小麦增加棉田天敌种类,邻作玉米增加棉田天敌个体数,对棉田害虫有较强的控制作用,而邻作西红柿作用相对较弱,生产上应充分利用邻作小麦和玉米的有利作用。2003年滴灌棉田节肢动物群落多样性指数(0.7250)和均匀度(0.2111)均大于沟灌棉田(0.1924、0.0605),群落更稳定;不同年份棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性变化大,说明气候因素是影响节肢动物群落结构和多样性的主要原因。     

不同杀虫剂对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

研究了大田条件下施用甲胺磷、扑虱灵对节肢动物群落的影响及施药后害虫和天敌的种群消长动态，并以多样性、丰富度、均匀度及群落的丰盛度等生态学参数来衡量２种农药产生的生态效应及对稻田节肢动物群落的时空分布。结果表明，施用甲胺磷田块的节肢动物各类群数量都急剧下降，害虫类恢复较快，天敌则比较缓慢，群体数量的急剧变化使得群落稳定性降低；喷施扑虱灵的田块，叶蝉、飞虱类等害虫数量明显下降且不易恢复，天敌类稍有下降。初步认为，在稻田使用选择性杀虫剂扑虱灵对群落物种数的恢复与保持群落的自我调节能力与自然控制力有重要作用。