Factors Affecting the use of Dreissena polymorpha as a Bioindicator: the PCB Pollution in Lake Como (N. Italy)

The aim of this study was to assess the PCB pollutionof the South-Western branch of Lake Como by using thezebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as abioindicator since its recent reintroduction. Someenvironmental and physiological variables influencingaccumulation processes of organochlorine compounds inDreissena were investigated because climaticfactors may affect life cycle, reproductive stage andage. PCB levels were highest in the soft tissues ofDreissena close to the industrialized area ofComo (2298 ng g^-1 of lipids) and slowly decrease goingnorth, reaching approximately half this value at theclosing section of the lake branch. Nonetheless, thePCB concentrations are well below the dangerous levelsfor the aquatic environment.     

不同洗脱剂对污染场地土中多氯联苯洗脱效果的研究

[目的]为运用表面活性剂快速、有效地洗脱修复多氯联苯污染场地土壤提供理论依据。[方法]以宁波市某变压器垃圾填埋场的PCBs污染场地土壤为研究对象,选用3种非离子表面活性剂（Brij58、Brij30和Tween-80）以及2-羟丙基-β-环糊精作为洗脱剂,进行实验室批量洗脱试验,研究洗脱剂类型、洗脱剂浓度、温度、pH和洗脱次数对PCBs洗脱效率的影响。[结果J在4种洗脱剂中,B州58的洗脱效果最好。在温度为25℃、pH为4．5的条件下,10g/L Brij58对污染土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱效率最高,洗脱1次后的2-Cl、3-Cl、4-Cl和5-Cl取代的PCBs洗脱率分别为53％、52％、55％和83％。[结论]非离子表面活性剂B川58能够高效洗脱污染场地土壤中的PCBs。     

Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus) Along a North-South Transect in the Alps

Southern populations of the European minnow fromremote oligotrophic mountain lakes along an Alpinenorth-south transect accumulated more p,p DDE andPCBs than northern populations. As these semi-volatileorganochlorines predominantly evaporate in warmcountries, higher rates of condensation (deposition)are assumed to occur in the southern slopes of theAlps. The higher accumulation of lead and cadmium insouthern population is rather attributed to geogenicand specific environmental impacts than to atmosphericdeposition. Increasing liver ratios of [glutathionedisulfide]/[glutathione], a potential indicator foroxidative stress, from north to south reflect thegenerally higher toxic load at remote sites at thesouthern edge of the Alps. However, histopathologicalchanges in the liver did not correlate withaccumulated toxicants indicating that deposition doesnot lead to severe lesions but induces specificmechanisms for detoxification.     

Interference elimination of PCB and its ramification in determining trace PBBs/PBDEs by GC/MS

The normal method to determine the trace brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) contained in the electronic and electrical products is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, the method is based on the determinations of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) etc. The interferences of those compounds are inevitable. Therefore, in order to overcome this problem, two methods e.g. 1) The combination use of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) and gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) is employed, 2) a matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method with YMC ODS-C18 as carrier is developed. The result show that, by the former method, the brominated isomers or ramifications are distinguished remarkably from other halogen compounds because that anion fragment retention peaks of ［Br］-, ［HBr2］- and molecule chain fragment retention peaks of ［M+2］+,［M+4］+,［M+6］+,［M+8］+ are observed simultaneously, and thus the selectivity to determine bromine-containing retardant flames is greatly improved. Using the latter method, the gas chromatographic peaks of multiple polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers can be efficiently separated. Thus provides a project to solve interferences of POPs in brominated flame retardants’ determinations. The standard addition experimental results of 10 kinds of BDEs/PCBs belonging to 8 sorts of electronic and electrical equipment show this method has a high precision and reliability due to 60%～98% recovery and <9.5% relative error, which meet the needs regulated by the IEC Commission. It provides a technical support for electronic and eletrical industries in China to further comply with RoHS directive.     

五指山地区水和沉积物中HCHs、DDTs和PCBs分布特征及生态风险

使用GC/ECD分别对海南五指山地区11个采样点水中和表层沉积物中的六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了分析测定,获得了3种持久性有机氯污染物其在该地区的含量与分布特征。有机氯农药组分分布特征研究表明,五指山地区水环境中HCHs和DDTs主要来自于早期残留和历史积累,尽管个别采样点DDTs仍有新的污染源输入,而该地区水环境中的PCBs可能是由大气长距离输送而来的。与世界其他地区相比较,五指山地区水体中的持久性有机氯污染物的含量还处于一个较低的水平,生态风险不大。     

多氯联苯对鱼肝功能的影响、机制及防治

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是水体环境中广泛分布的典型持久性有机污染物,可通过食物链富集进入鱼、人及其他动物体内,并在脂肪中积蓄,严重危害机体健康,能引起生物体突变、畸变甚至癌变,引起了极大的关注。文章主要综述了PCBs对鱼类肝功能的影响、作用机理及预防PCBs对鱼类生长发育的毒害,旨在为搞好水体环境,保护和发展可持续的渔业提供参考依据。     

上海农村及郊区土壤中PCBs污染特征及来源研究

2007年3月采集上海市农村及郊区36个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱法对土壤中的多氯联苯（PCBs）残留进行了分析,揭示了土壤中PCBs的残留水平、分布、组成特征及来源。结果表明,试区土壤中共检出62种PCB,总浓度最高2530ng·kg-1,最低71.7ng·kg-1,平均含量534ng·kg-1。较高污染浓度主要是编号为BS2、SJ6、JS4和FX4的土壤样品,但从整体采样区域来看,其污染可能主要来源于城区污染导致的区域大气沉降或是全球大气传输所致。上海农村及郊区土壤PCBs污染物以Tri-CBs和Tetra-CBs为主,主要以工业Aroclor1242来源为主。相关性分析显示,土壤中PCBs与TOC具有显著相关性,尤其是对于挥发性较强的低氯代PCBs,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PCBs持留的重要因素之一。聚类分析显示,部分采样点PCBs污染与工业品使用有关,但可能还存在其他来源。     

浙东固废拆解区污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯含量的影响研究

在对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区的水-土壤-农作物系统进行系统调查和分析的基础上,重点探讨了污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯（PCBs）含量的影响程度,并通过建立数学模型,对污灌区土壤PCBs含量进行了预测。结果表明,研究区土壤、水体、底泥乃至农作物均检测出相当水平的PCBs,对当地的生态安全影响较大;经因子分析和对比分析发现,约有67.3%的土壤PCBs污染是由污水灌溉引起,污水灌溉对土壤污染的影响显著;在现有农田灌溉模式不变的情况下,污灌区的土壤PCBs含量将呈上升趋势,50a后含量将增加1倍。     

内蒙古解放闸灌域表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征和来源分析

在内蒙古解放闸灌域采集49个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定8种多氯联苯PCBs的浓度,探讨PCBs的污染特征、组成特征、空间分布和污染来源,以及土壤理化性质对PCBs浓度分布的影响。结果表明,解放闸灌域表层土壤中∑PCBs浓度范围为ND～209.95 ng·g~(-1),均值为15.09 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其他地区相比,处于较低污染水平。PCB1、PCB29和PCB47的均值和检出率均较高,是解放闸灌域表层土壤中的优势污染物。土壤中PCBs同系物组成表现为:PCB29(38.65%)PCB1(33.33%)PCB47(11.62%)PCB5(8.25%)PCB98(8.14%),其余单体的检出量很少,说明主要以低氯联苯污染为主。土壤中PCBs浓度的空间分布存在一定差异性,表现为东北高于西南,其西南部呈点状分布。土壤理化性质对PCBs浓度的影响表现为:PCBs浓度分布受pH值的影响,而不受有机质、EC值、砂粒、粉粒和黏粒的影响。相关性分析和因子分析结果显示,解放闸灌域表层土壤中PCBs的污染源主要来自电容器和变压器油的泄露。     

气相色谱法测定禽蛋中有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留量

建立了同时测定禽蛋中14种有机氯农药(OCPs)和7种多氯联苯(PCBs)的气相色谱法。样品用乙腈超声提取,浓硫酸净化,气相色谱法测定,外标法定量。21种待测化合物在5～200μg/L时线性关系良好,方法定量限为0.3～0.7μg/kg,在5、20、100μg/kg三个加标水平下,鸡蛋空白样品的平均加标回收率为75.1%～103.8%,相对标准偏差为1.41%～6.64%。本法简便、快速、准确、成本低廉,适用于禽蛋中多种有机氯农药和多氯联苯的快速筛查。