添加钠基蒙脱石对重金属污染红壤的影响

[目的]研究添加钠基蒙脱石对重金属污染红壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的改良效应。[方法]以采自江西贵溪铜尾矿污染红壤为样品,通过室内恒温培养试验,设5个处理(添加钠基蒙脱石0、1%、2%、4%、8%),测定处理后各样品的土壤有效态重金属含量、水浸提液的Na+、电导率及pH值,分析它们之间相关性。[结果]添加4%和8%的钠基蒙脱石能显著降低重金属污染红壤中有效态Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量,与对照相比,分别降低33.8%和40.2%、33.2%和37.2%、28.4%和32.7%、35.7%和34.5%;随钠基蒙脱石添加量的增加,土壤水浸提液的Na+和电导率以及土壤的pH值逐渐升高。[结论]钝化机理分析表明,重金属污染土壤添加钠基蒙脱石使土壤的pH值升高,增加土壤的吸附性能,使重金属离子与钠基蒙脱石中的Na+发生了置换反应。     

Effects of physical and chemical properties of soils on adsorption of the insecticidal protein (Cry1Ab) from Bacillus thuringiensis at Cry1Ab protein concentrations relevant for experimental field sites

The adsorption of the insecticidal Cry1Ab protein of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on Na-montmorillonite (M-Na) and soil clay fractions was studied. The aim of this study was not to find the adsorption capacity of the soils from the experimental field site, where Bt corn (MON810) was cultivated, but rather to characterize the adsorption behavior of the Cry1Ab protein at concentrations typically found at experimental field sites. In kinetic experiments, the Cry1Ab protein adsorbed rapidly (<60 min) on M-Na. As the concentration of M-Na was varied and the added Cry1Ab protein concentration was kept constant (20 and 45 ng ml⁻¹), the adsorption per unit weight of Cry1Ab protein decreased with increasing concentrations of M-Na. Adsorption of Cry1Ab protein on M-Na decreased as the pH value of the suspension increased. All adsorption isotherms could be described mathematically by a linear regression with the parameter k, the distribution coefficient, being the slope of the regression line. Although their mineralogical composition was nearly identical, the soil clay fractions showed different k values. The different k values were correlated with the physical and chemical properties of the soil clay fractions, such as the organic carbon content, the specific external surface area, and the electrokinetic charge of the external surfaces of the clays, as well as with the external surface charge density. An increase in the amount of soil organic matter, as well as an increase in the electrokinetic external surface charge of the soil clays, decreased the distribution coefficient k. An increase of the specific external surface areas of the soil clays resulted in a higher distribution coefficient k.Less than 10% of adsorbed Cry1Ab protein was reversibly adsorbed on the soil clays and, thus, desorbed. The desorption efficiency of distilled water was higher than that of a solution of CaCl₂ (2.25 mmol) and of dissolved organic carbon (50 mg C l⁻¹).     

不同前处理方式下钠基蒙脱石对重金属镉的吸附研究

采用不同前处理方式(100℃烘干、200℃煅烧、300℃煅烧、冻干)制备出钠基蒙脱石,通过表征手段分析了其理化性质差异,并考察了其对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附行为,以探究不同前处理方式对钠基蒙脱石物化性质的影响及对Cd~(2+)吸附的差异。结果表明:不同前处理方式对钠基蒙脱石比表面积、孔容与层间距等物理性质影响较大,但对表面官能团、阳离子交换量等化学性质影响较小。吸附动力学显示钠基蒙脱石对镉的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程,属离子交换吸附,24 h可达吸附平衡;吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线方程,属单层吸附。不同方式处理的钠基蒙脱石对于Cd~(2+)吸附效果是有差异的。300℃煅烧处理的钠基蒙脱石吸附效果最好,饱和吸附量达到11.1 mg·g~(-1);100℃烘干处理的钠基蒙脱石吸附量最差,饱和吸附量为9.1 mg·g~(-1)。