奶牛繁殖疾病的调控

本文综述了奶牛繁殖疾病的发病原因和调控措施，分析认为奶牛的营养状况是影响奶牛繁殖力的重要因素。理想的奶牛管理应做到整个泌乳期始终监测奶牛的体况和奶牛日粮中微量元素的维生素的含量，避免营养素的不平衡而引发的奶牛繁殖障碍，同时应避免奶牛过肥或过瘦。适当补充某些维生素和矿物质十分重要。     

Versuche zur Zyklussynchronisation bei Kühen aus Beständen rnit Fertilitätsproblemen und bei Hybriden zwischen Wisent und Rind mit der PRID-Spirale*

Inhalt: An 81 Versuchs- und 92 Kontrolltieren der Rasse “Potnische Schwarzbunte” aus 3 Problembetrieben wurde ein Versuch zur Sterilitätsprophylaxe rnit der PRID-Spirale durchgeführt. Anhand klinischer Befunde und Milchprogesteronwerten wurde die Untergruppe aus Kühen mit Ovardystrophie (18 Versuchs- und 22 Kontrolltiere) gebildet und extra ausgewertet. Der Behandlungsbeginn lag zwischen 60 und 80 Tage post partum. Die Versuchstiere wurden mit der PRID-Spirale 12 Tage lang behandelt, die Kontrolltiere erhielten Injcktionen rnit Kochsalzlösung und solche rnit Ovardystrophie wurden zusätzlich mit einer Eierstocksmassage behandelt. Die Versuchstiere wurden 56 und 72 Stunden nach Entfernung der Spirale blind besamt. Die Brunstin-duktionsrate betrug insgesamt 90,1%, bei denen rnit Ovardystrophie 77,7%. Die An-wendung der PRID-Spirale führte zur Verbesserung der Fertilitätslage. Die Gesamt-trächtigkeitsrate lag mit 87,6% bei den Versuchskühenüber derjenigen der Kontrollkü-he mit 79,3%. Die Behandlung der Tiere rnit Ovardystrophie erbrachte eine Gesamt-trächtigkeitsrate von 88,8% bei den Versuchs- und 72,7% bei den Kontrolltieren. Die Zwischentragezeit betrug bei den Versuchstieren 101,2 Tage und bei den Kontrolltieren 113,3 Tage (p ≤ 0,05). Bei den azyklischen Tieren lag die Zwischentragezeit bei 104,6 Tage bzw. 134,7 Tage (p ≤ 0,05). In einem anderen Versuch wurde 20 Hybriden zwischen Wisent und Hausrind rwecks Zyklussynchronisation die PRID-Spirale verabreicht. Die Brunstinduktionsrate betrug 66,6%, das Erstbesamungsergebnis nach Doppelbesamung 30%, die Gesamtträchtig-keitsrate nach dem Decken der umrindernden Kreuzungstiere rnit einem Bullen 90%. Die Deckperiode konnte verkürzt werden. Contents: Investigations on the synchronization of estrus cycle in cattle from farms with fertility problems and in cross-breeds between bison and cattle with a PRID-de-vice In 81 experimental and 92 control animals of the “Polish Black and White” breed derived from 3 farms with fertility problems an investigation was carried out for sterility prophylaxis using the PRID-device. Based on clinical findings and milk progesterone values cattle with ovarian dystrophy (18 experimental and 22 control animals) from a special group were used. The begin of treatment was between 60 and 80 days post partum. All experimental animals had received a PRID-device for a duration of 12 days. Control animals were injected with physiological saline solution and animals with ovarian dystrophy were treated additionally with ovarian massage. Experimental animals were inseminated 56 and 72 hrs after removal of the device. All animals taken, estrus was induced in 90.1% of the animals, while only 77.7% of animals with ovarian dystrophy came to estrus. Application of the PRID-device led to an improvement of fertility. Pregnancy rates in experimental animals were 87.6%, while only 79.3% of the control animals were pregnant. Treatment of animals with ovarian dystrophy resulted in 88.8% pregnancies for treated and 72.7% for control animals. Experimental animals were non-pregnant for a duration of 101.2 days, while control animals remained non-pregnant for 113.3 days (p < 0.05). Acyclic cattle had a non-pregnant period of 104.6 days and 134.7 days (p < 0.05) respectively. In a second experiment 20 cross-breeds between bison and domestic cattle were treated with a PRID-device for synchronization of the estrus cycle. The rate of estrus induction was 66.6%, the fertility after double insemination 30%, the total pregnancy rate improved after mating with a bull of animals that had not conceived to 90%.     

农户舍饲奶牛血清钙及游离羟脯氨酸水平测定

采用氯胺T比色法和EDTANa_2滴定法,对重庆市农户舍饲奶牛不同泌乳阶段血清中游离羟脯氨酸与血清钙的水平进行 测定,旨在调查试验条件下奶牛血钙代谢情况以及骨营养不良发生的可能性。结果显示: 在农户全舍饲条件下,血清钙含量Ⅱ组显著低于Ⅴ组、Ⅵ组,其它各组间差异不显著;Ⅰ～ Ⅵ组血清羟脯氨酸含量分别为2.32±0.37μg/ml、2.36±0.59μg/ml、2.02±0.54μg/ml、1.90±0.44μg/ml、1.98±0.45μg/ml、1.79±0.18μg/ml,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与Ⅵ组差异极显著。采样后2-3个月内进行临床观察,血清游离羟脯氨酸水平与骨营养不良发生率呈现一致性变化。而钙磷摄入不足,比例不当是主要原因。     

散养成乳牛舍环境测定

以一栋散养成乳牛舍为对象，系统地测定了舍内外的气温、气湿、风速、辐射强度、黑体温度及屋顶热流量。结果表明：从６月１日—９月１０日，舍内旬均气温都在２３．４３℃以上，舍内１４：００气温旬均值都在２８℃以上，舍内旬均ＴＨＩ都超过７１．７１；屋顶热流量曲线的斜率很大、峰值出现于１４：００，并且与舍外黑体温度呈高度的正相关；舍内与舍外的黑体温度、辐射强度分别呈中等以上的正相关；冬季舍内寒冷，同时受舍外气流影响大。笔者认为，通过增加牛舍高度、先用高热阻屋面材料和冬季防风可望改进此类牛舍的环境。     

Studies on pentagastrin-induced hypocalcaemia in lactating cows.

During recent years it has been evident that a number of gastrointestinal hormones are potent calcitonin secretagogues, and it has been suggested that a gastrointestinal-thyroid C cell system exists as a part of post prandial calcium homeostasis. In the present study the hypocalcaemic effect of pentagastrin, a synthetic peptide with gastrin effects, was studied in lactating cows. Intravenous infusion of pentagastrin caused marked hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia in the cows. Thyroidectomy completely abolished the hypocalcaemic and hypophosphataemic effects of the peptide. The results thus suggested that the effects of the peptide were due to release of endogenous calcitonin.     

奶牛中草药抗热应激添加剂剂量的对比试验

40头荷斯坦泌乳牛随机分成4组,采用单因子试验设计,分别饲喂由基础日粮与不同剂量的中草药添加剂(每头·日0g为A组即对照组、25g为B组、75g为C组、125g为D组)组成的日粮。结果表明:干物质摄入量C、D组分别比对照组多摄入1.6kg、1.6kg。校正体重和乳脂的产乳量,C组、D组分别较对照组提高46.3%(P<0.01)和34.4%(P<0.01),且C组、D组乳脂率较对照组分别提高8.8%(P<0.05)、20%(P<0.05)。C组、D组红细胞数较对照组分别提高35.8%(P<0.01)、33.9%(P<0.01),而呼吸率则分别降低43.3次/分、47.2次/分、肛温分别降低1.2℃、1.1℃。对照组中暑死亡两头,其余组没有死亡。经济效益,C组、D组分别比对照组提高83.7%.、51.2%。     

奶牛MTT比色法的最佳条件探讨

为建立奶牛淋巴细胞增殖反应MTT比色法,对试验条件进行了研究。应用L16(45)正交试验,对影响MTT比色法的四个主要因素,包括ConA浓度、细胞浓度、培养液小牛血清浓度及培养时间进行了比较和探索。试验表明几个因素对其增殖反应都有显著影响(P<0.05),且最佳反应条件为:15μg/mL的ConA、1×106/mL细胞浓度、10%小牛血清及60h的培养时间;影响增殖反应的先后顺序为细胞浓度、ConA浓度、培养时间及血清浓度。     

Noninferiority trial investigating the efficacy of a nonantibiotic intramammary therapy in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate clinical mastitis in dairy cows with longer lasting udder diseases

A nonblinded, positively controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternative, nonantibiotic therapy with Masti Veyxym^® to reduce ineffective antibiotic usage in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) in cows with longer lasting udder diseases. The solely intramammary treatment with Masti Veyxym^® (three applications, 12 hr apart) and the combined treatment with Masti Veyxym^® and antibiotics as usual on the farm according to label of the respective product were compared with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy. The matched field study was conducted on eight free‐stall dairy farms located in Eastern Germany. Cases of mild‐to‐moderate CM in cows with longer lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days and with previous CM cases in current lactation were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. A foremilk sample of the affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for cyto‐bacteriological examination. Primary outcomes were clinical cure (CC) and no CM recurrence within 60 days after the end of treatment (no R60). Bacteriological cure (BC) and quarter somatic cell count (QSCC) cure were chosen as secondary outcomes although low probabilities of BC and QSCC cure for selected cows were expected. The study resulted in the following findings: the pathogens mostly cultured from pretreatment samples were Streptococcus uberis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two test treatments in comparison with the reference treatment regarding all outcome variables. The sole therapy with Masti Veyxym^® resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC without significant differences to the reference treatment. The combined therapy group showed a numerically higher nonrecurrence rate than the two other treatment groups and noninferiority compared to the reference treatment was proven. Having regard to the selection criteria of cows in this study, the findings indicated that sole treatment with Masti Veyxym^® in nonsevere CM cases may constitute an alternative therapy to reduce antibiotics. However, noninferiority evaluations were mostly inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a clear statement on noninferiority.     

乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛场奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的流行与耐药情况,本研究采集了5个牧场300份奶牛乳房炎奶样,进行沙门氏菌的分离、培养,利用荧光PCR方法鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。结果表明：从奶牛乳房炎样品中分离出12株沙门氏菌,分离率4%;耐药性分析表明分离的沙门氏菌对氨苄西林、四环素、多西环素、链霉素耐药率超过50%,对氨曲南、诺氟沙星、多粘菌素B、头孢他啶敏感性大于70%。此外4株沙门氏菌分离株具有多重耐药性。本研究为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了依据。     

奶牛乳房炎相关功能基因组学与蛋白质组学研究进展

功能基因组学与蛋白质组学是在基因组和蛋白质整体水平上分析基因功能,研究技术包括差异显示反转录PCR、表达序列标签、基因表达系列分析、生物芯片、RNA干涉、生物信息学、二维凝胶电泳(2-DE)、质谱(MS)等.综述了功能基因组学和蛋白质组学及其研究技术在奶牛乳房炎相关的基因表达、抗性候选基因鉴定、病原微生物蛋白质组学、基因治疗、新诊断靶标筛选等的应用研究进展及展望.