Impact of long-term N fertilization on the structural composition of spruce litter and mor humus

The aims of this study were to determine the degree of lignin degradation and to investigate changes in the chemical composition of the organic matter in the forest floor in an N fertilized Norway spruce forest soil. Needle litter and mor humus were collected from the field experiment at Skogaby in southern Sweden (56°33′N; 13°13′E). The spruce stand had been fertilized for 11 years with 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as (NH₄)₂SO₄. The degree of lignin degradation was determined with alkaline CuO oxidation followed by HPLC analysis. The chemical composition of the organic matter was characterized by CPMAS ¹³C NMR. Tannin was specifically analyzed using dipolar dephasing CPMAS ¹³C NMR and the N distribution was studied by CPMAS ¹⁵N NMR.The C-to-N ratios in the fertilized Oi and Oe layers were significantly lower than in the unfertilized layers (24 compared to 34 and 23 compared to 27, respectively). Neither the sum of the CuO oxidation products (Vanillyls+Syringyls+Cinnamyls expressed as VSC) nor the acid-to-aldehyde ratio ((Ac/Al)_V) showed any significant treatment effects. The content of aromatic C (including phenolic C) was significantly lower in the unfertilized than in the fertilized Oi layer (18 versus 21%). In the unfertilized soil, VSC was positively correlated (r=+0.63, p<0.05) with the C-to-N ratio, whereas the phenolic C content was negatively correlated (r=−0.61, p<0.05). The tannin index showed a tendency of increasing from Oi to Oe layers in both treatments. Most of the organic N was found as amide-N, whereas no heterocyclic N was detected. We have not been able to show any major C structural changes due to N fertilization. We suggest that the significantly higher content of aromatic and phenolic C in the fertilized Oi layer is due to an initial stimulation of the microbial community.     

氧化铜/碳纳米管复合物的制备及其微观结构的研究

使用直流电沉积技术制得铜与碳纳米管的复合物,经适当煅烧得到氧化铜/碳纳米管复合物。使用TEM、SEM、Raman等手段对复合物进行表征,并对复合物的形貌进行研究。     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠血浆抗氧化机能的影响

选144只20g左右的健康昆明种小白鼠,随机分为6组,每组设4个重复。1组饲喂基础日粮;2组在基础日粮中以硫酸铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;3组在基础日粮中以氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;4～6组在基础日粮中以纳米氧化铜的形式分别添加铜5、10、20mg/kg。研究不同剂量纳米氧化铜对小白鼠血浆抗氧化能力的影响,试验期30d。结果表明,添加纳米氧化铜显著提高小白鼠血浆铜蓝蛋白活力(P<0.05),显著提高小白鼠血浆细胞色素C氧化酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低30d小白鼠血浆丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。     

Cu/CuO改性碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附特征

为探讨Cu/CuO改性碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附特征,采用Cu/CuO对碳纳米管进行了改性,通过SEM、XRD和比表面积-孔径分析仪对改性前后碳纳米管进行表征。以改性前后碳纳米管为吸附剂,研究了改性前后碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,并且分析了环境因素包括温度、pH和离子强度对吸附的影响。结果表明:改性前后碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,且在2 h左右达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,改性之后碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力增强。改性前后碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附量随温度的增加而降低,随pH和离子强度的增大而增大。研究表明,Cu/CuO改性碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果优于原始碳纳米管,Cu/CuO改性碳纳米管去除溶液中的亚甲基蓝主要通过疏水性相互作用、静电相互作用和铜与亚甲基蓝之间的络合作用。     

纳米氧化铜对小麦根系生理生化行为的影响

为阐明纳米金属材料暴露对植物生长的影响及其作用机制,采用模拟土壤的琼脂培养方法研究了纳米氧化铜(CuO NPs)对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根伸长及相关生理生化行为的影响。结果表明:小麦根伸长与CuO NPs暴露浓度之间存在指数相关关系,在低浓度CuO NPs(10 mg/L)暴露下得到一定程度促进,而在高浓度(100 mg/L)下受到强烈抑制。小麦根内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随CuO NPs暴露浓度的变化趋势与小麦根伸长具有一致性。另外,在1~100 mg/L范围内,随着CuO NPs暴露浓度的升高,小麦根内丙二醛(MDA)含量不断增加,但植物蛋白含量急剧降低。以上结果说明CuO NPs对根伸长抑制主要是由于纳米材料暴露造成植物细胞膜氧化损伤,小麦能通过提高根系活力对CuO NPs暴露作出适应性应激响应以减少纳米材料毒性的伤害。     

Degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in decomposing spruce needle litter in relation to N

Decomposing needles from a Norway spruce forest in southern Sweden were studied for 559 days under laboratory conditions. Falling needles were collected in control (Co) plots and plots that had received 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as (NH₄)₂SO₄ for 9 years under field conditions. One of the aims was to determine whether the previously documented low decomposition rate of the N fertilized (NS) needles could be explained by a lower degradation degree of lignin. The lignin content was studied using the alkaline CuO oxidation method, the Klason lignin method and CPMAS ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose were also determined.The fertilized needle litters initially decomposed faster than the unfertilized, but later this reaction reversed, so that at the end the mass loss was 45% initial C in the control and 35% initial C in NS. Klason lignin decreased with time in both treatments and overall, the change of Klason lignin mirrored the litter mass loss. No major difference as regards the decomposition of hemicellulose occurred between the treatments, whereas significantly lower concentrations of cellulose were found in NS needles throughout the incubation. The CuO derived compounds (VSC) were somewhat lower in NS needles throughout the decomposition time. Initially, VSC increased slightly in both treatments, which contradicts the Klason lignin data. There was a weak positive relationship (p>0.05) between VSC and Klason lignin. Both vanillyls compounds (V) and cinnamyl compounds (Ci) increased slightly during decomposition, whereas syringyl compounds (S) vanished entirely. The lignin degradation degree, i.e. the acid-to-aldehyde ratio of the vanillyl compounds expressed as (Ac/Al)_v, showed no significant effect of treatment. The ¹³C NMR analyses of the combined samples showed increased content of aromatic C with increasing decomposition time. The carbohydrate content (O-alkyl C) was lower in the fertilized needle litter throughout the incubation time. The alkyl C content tended to increase with decomposition time and N fertilization. The alkyl C/O-alkyl C ratios increased in both treatments during the incubation. The NMR results were not tested statistically.In conclusion, no major difference concerning lignin degradation could be found between the unfertilized and N fertilized needle litter. Thus, the study contradicts the hypothesis that higher amounts of N reduce lignin degradation. The reduced biological activity is probably due to direct N effects on the microorganisms and their decomposing ability.     

Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study

Leaf litters from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) trees were collected from mixed, deciduous woodlands growing on three soil types that varied in mineral nutrient concentrations and N mineralisation potential. Litter quality, including %N, %Mn, %P, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, Klason lignin, phenylpropanoid constituents of lignin, hexose and pentose sugar (mainly from hemicelluloses) varied within species according to soil type. However, oak and beech showed the opposite responses to soil nutrient status for most of these variables. The litters were incubated in the laboratory for 12 months (at 18 °C and constant moisture) on beds of forest floor material from two soils of contrasting high nutrient material (HNM) or low nutrient material (LNM) nutrient status to investigate litter quality and substrate interactions. At 4, 8 and 12 months there were significant differences in mass losses from oak and beech litters from all sites, and for each litter type exposed to the HNM and LMN soils. At 12 months mean mass losses were higher for HNM treatment (38.7% oak, 27.8% beech) than for the LNM treatment (30.6% oak, 25.5% beech). However, the beech and oak litters from the different sites consistently responded in opposite ways on the same soil treatment reflecting site-related effects on litter quality. Initial concentration of Klason lignin was the best predictor for mass losses from litter species and litter types. Intra-specific variation in rates of litter decomposition of beech and oak litters from different sites, and differences in their interactions with the two forest floor materials, illustrate the complexities of proximate controls on decomposition that are often masked in system-level studies.     

Bi_2Sr_2CuO_6超导性与价键关系的研究

本文研究了Bi2Sr2CuO6超导性与其价键结构间的关系。使用复杂晶体化学键理论,计算了Bi2Sr2CuO6超导体中的不同相结构的价键参数,通过比较不同相结构中的共价性关系,确定了此超导体中的超导成分为Bi3+Bi2+Sr2Cu3+O6,同时指出只有当Bi3+Bi2+Sr2Cu3+O6的含量≥61.6%时,Bi2Sr2CuO6具有超导性。     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠铜表观消化率的影响

选40只20 g左右的健康昆明种小白鼠,随机分为4组。1组饲喂基础日粮;2组在基础日粮中以硫酸铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;3组在基础日粮中以氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;4组在基础日粮中以纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg。采用全收粪法,研究纳米氧化铜对小白鼠铜表观消化率的影响。结果显示,硫酸铜组、氧化铜组、纳米氧化铜组小白鼠铜的表观消化率分别为54.74%、48.30%、71.88%,纳米氧化铜组铜的表观消化率显著高于硫酸铜组（P〈0.05）,极显著高于氧化铜组（P〈0.01）。试验表明,与添加硫酸铜和氧化铜相比,日粮中添加纳米氧化铜能提高小白鼠铜的表观消化率。     

CuO—ZnO纳米复合防腐剂对杨木抑菌性能的影响

以普通CuO、ZnO粉体为原料,在分散剂柠檬酸铵作用下,用纳米研磨机,通过湿法研磨技术制备CuO—ZnO纳米复合防腐剂,用激光粒度仪检测不同浓度纳米粒子粒径及其分布,参照LY／T1283—2011研究CuO—ZnO纳米复合防腐剂的抑菌性能,借助扫描电子显微镜观察木材腐朽12周后菌丝生长情况,分析复合防腐剂中药物浓度与木材抑茵性的关系以及防腐剂在木材中的留存率。结果表明：测定纳米复合防腐剂的最小平均粒径为41．7nm;CuO—ZnO纳米复合防腐剂对白腐菌和褐腐菌均有一定的抑菌性,其处理后木材的防腐性和抗流失性能均较好;药剂浓度达到1．25％时即可达到强耐腐Ⅰ级标准,此时平均载药量为4．81kg／m3,质量损失率8．2％,符合性能优良的木材防腐剂指标要求。