白三叶返园对苹果园土壤微生物群落的影响

为了解苹果(Malus pumila)园中覆盖和埋置白三叶(Trifolium repens)对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用尼龙袋法将新鲜的白三叶覆盖和埋置到苹果园中,分别在白三叶降解1、3、6个月时,利用Biolog微平板法检测土壤微生物群落的功能多样性。结果表明,覆盖和埋置白三叶均可使苹果园土壤微生物代谢活性显著提高(P0.05),微生物的多样性除6个月外显著增加、丰富度显著增加,均匀度显著降低(P0.05),群落结构发生变化,且覆草处理大于埋草,同时,白三叶降解时间的长短也影响土壤微生物群落。土壤微生物群落主成分分析结果显示,不同返园方式间主要对羧酸类碳源的利用有差异,而导致不同降解时间土壤微生物群落代谢差异的主要是糖类。说明在苹果园覆盖和埋置白三叶可改变土壤微生物群落,而覆盖白三叶对微生物群落结构的改善情况显著优于埋置白三叶。     

Genetic, phenotypic and pathogenic diversity among xanthomonads isolated from pistachio (Pistacia vera) in Australia

Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), sequencing of the 16S−23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), biochemical and physiological tests, the Biolog microplate system, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of whole-cell proteins, and pathogenicity tests were used to characterize variability among xanthomonads isolated from pistachio trees suffering from bacterial dieback in four regions of Australia. ITS sequencing and rep-PCR revealed two distinct genotypes among the strains. The ITS sequencing suggested that the pistachio strains were closely related to Xanthomonas translucens pathovars, in particular X. translucens pv . poae . Results of physiological and biochemical tests, as well as Biolog microplate analysis and protein profiling, confirmed the existence of two groups. Furthermore, pathogenicity and host-range studies indicated that the two groups were biologically different. There was an association between the two groups and the geographical origin of the strains.     

祁连山不同植被类型土壤微生物群落多样性差异

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位。以祁连山中段不同海拔的4种植物群落,即垫状植被(cushion plants,CP)、高寒草甸(alpine meadow,AM)、沼泽化草甸(swamp meadow,SM)和高寒灌丛(alpine shrub,AS)作为实验样地,采用BIOLOG技术,探讨了土壤微生物群落多样性在不用海拔梯度形成的植被条件下的变化特征。结果表明,反映微生物活性的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)的大小顺序为:沼泽化草甸高寒草甸高寒灌丛垫状植被,沼泽化草甸土壤微生物群落代谢活性最高;高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸土壤微生物群落碳源利用模式相似,土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener物种丰富度指数(H)与土壤有机碳和全氮显著相关(P0.05),Simpson优势度指数(D)和Mc Intosh指数(U)与土壤全氮显著相关(P0.05);冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳、p H和全氮可能是土壤微生物利用碳源的控制因子。研究结果为进一步探讨高寒草甸与土壤微生物之间的关系奠定了基础。     

废弃烟沫堆置发酵有机肥腐熟菌种的分离、筛选和鉴定

[目的]为加速烟草废弃物的资源化利用,筛选适合废弃烟沫快速发酵腐熟的微生物菌种成为资源化利用的重要一环。[方法]利用纤维素刚果红选择性培养基,分别从废弃烟丝、腐熟牛粪、油枯有机肥和味精下脚料等田固体废弃物中分离筛选腐熟菌种,并进行复筛、纯化和鉴定。[结果]共筛得16株腐熟菌株,其中复筛出6株高效菌株分别为F1、F2、F3、N1、N2、W1。经16S r DNA和Biolog鉴定,该6种菌菌株分别为Bacillus subtillis,Bacillus subtillis,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Mycobacterium vaccae,Bacillis amyloliquefaciens;纤维素分解能力试验结果表明,6种降解菌对烟沫中纤维素的降解能力为N1F3N2F2F1W1;在烟碱浓度为低浓度0.1%时耐烟碱能力为F2F3=N1W1F1N2,在烟碱浓度为高浓度0.5%时耐烟碱能力为F2F3N1N2W1=F1,同时N1与N2、N1与F1、N1与F2之间没有拮抗作用。[结论]N1与N2复配构成废弃烟沫专用腐熟菌种为最佳选择。     

黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)入侵对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性的影响已成为生态学领域的研究热点之一。运用Biolog技术和氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤微生物代谢活性显著升高;土壤微生物群落平均吸光值(AWCD)的变化趋势为:入侵地根际土(RPS)>入侵地根围土(BS)>未入侵地(CK),且差异显著;而CK的功能多样性指数(H)高于BS,RPS亦高于BS,差异均显著(P<0.05)。主成分分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵使土壤微生物群落的碳源利用方式和代谢功能发生改变。对不同碳源利用的分析结果表明,糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和聚合物为土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。入侵样地BS和RPS的微生物量碳分别比CK高27.05%、121.52%;BS和RPS的微生物量氮分别比CK高37.40%、79.80%。相关性分析表明,AWCD与微生物量碳和微生物量氮均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。由此可知,黄顶菊入侵增强了入侵地土壤微生物代谢活性,降低了土壤微生物群落的功能多样性,增加了土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。     

转Chi+Glu双价基因棉对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为研究转Chi+Glu双价基因棉对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,揭示其对土壤生态系统的安全性,在大田试验条件下,利用Biolog代谢指纹方法分析了种植转Chi+Glu双价基因棉、转Bt基因棉和常规棉不同生育期土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,两个转基因棉花土壤微生物数量差异不显著,而转基因棉花土壤细菌和放线菌数量在花期和铃期显著高于常规棉花(P<0.05),真菌数量在花期和铃期却显著低于常规棉花(P<0.05)。与非转基因棉花相比,转基因棉花土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力在花期和铃期显著增加,转基因棉花土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数和McIntosh指数在花期、铃期和吐絮期显著高于常规棉花,Simpson指数在花期和铃期则显著低于常规棉花。主成分分析结果显示,花期转基因棉花和常规棉花对31种碳源的利用差异较大。转基因棉花在苗期和蕾期对羧酸类、氨基酸类和多胺类,花期和铃期对糖类、羧酸类和双亲化合物类的利用分别较常规棉高;吐絮期转基因和常规棉花对所有碳源的利用均较低,其中转基因棉花对糖类和羧酸类的利用高于常规棉花。研究结果显示,种植转Chi+Glu双价基因棉花在花期和铃期对土壤微生物群落影响显著,其与转Bt基...     

夏季填闲作物及秸秆还田对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤养分和微生物的影响

选用已进行4 a温室夏季种植甜玉米、菜豆及其秸秆还田试验的温室黄瓜连作土壤,于2009年继续进行相同的处理,研究了温室夏季填闲作物及秸杆还田对黄瓜连作土壤养分和微生物代谢功能的影响。结果表明,种植甜玉米秸秆还田处理能减小土壤容重,改善土壤通透性。夏季填闲及秸秆还田处理对土壤养分和微生物的影响在秋冬茬表现较明显,能增加土壤中有效磷含量,种植菜豆处理（秸秆还田和不还田）能增加土壤有效钾含量。填闲作物及秸秆还田处理还能提高土壤微生物代谢活性,改变土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力。     

Spatial variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems

Spatially dependent patterns in microbial properties may exist in temperate alley cropping systems due to differences in litter quality and microclimate in areas under trees compared to those in the alleys. The effect of tree row location was evaluated for its impact on soil enzyme activities and Biolog substrate use patterns. Soils were sampled to a depth of 30 cm at the tree row and at the middle of the alley at two sites: a 21-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis)/bluegrass (Poa trivials) intercrop (Pecan site) and a 12-year-old silver maple (Acer saccharinum)/soybean (Glycine max)–maize (Zea mays) rotation (Maple site). Sampling was done in fall 2001 and summer 2002. β-Glucosidase activities, Biolog patterns expressed as average well color (AWC), substrate richness, and Shannon diversity index, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the tree row than at the middle of the alley for surface soils at the Pecan site. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity was also higher at the tree row for soils sampled in the fall, but did not differ significantly for soils sampled in the summer. At the Maple site, AWC and substrate richness were significantly higher at the tree row for soils sampled in 2001. Soil volumetric water content and temperature were generally lower in the tree row at the Maple site. The results of this study suggest that functionally different microbial populations may be present under pecan trees compared to cropped alleys which may promote disparities in nutrient availability necessitating differential long-term nutrient management in such alley cropping systems.     

土壤微生物多样性研究方法的进展

对土壤微生物的4类研究方法即:传统微生物培养法、微生物标记物法、BIOLOGGN微平板法和微生物分子生物技术方法及其应用特点进行了简要的评述和分析,旨在通过比较寻求能够揭示土壤微生物群落结构的最佳方法。分子生物技术方法与传统研究方法等相结合将是大力推动土壤微生物研究的有效方式。     

土壤微生物多样性实验研究方法概述

对有关土壤微生物多样性,包括微生物类群多样性、群落结构多样性、功能多样性以及基因多样性等的描述与表征方法进行了探讨,同时,对当前国内外土壤微生物多样性的一些实验研究方法,包括土壤微生物分离培养方法、Biolog 微平板方法、FAME 分析方法和分子生物学方法等进行了介绍和评述。并指出在土壤微生物多样性研究中,如果可能的话,需要将各种方法结合起来使用,方可得到有关土壤生物多样性的较为全面的信息和理解。